ad486a

**光線變暗to fade vi. (=to become dim/to lose brightness of illumination). 例: Light fades. **日光變暗 to fade vi. (=to lose brilliance). 例: at about half-pas seven, when the light was

about to fade. 約7:30 pm 日光開始變暗. The long Roman twilight faded into darkness. 羅馬長期光輝轉暗. the fading light of late afternoon. 黃昏光線減弱. **景色隨日光逐漸消失 to fade vi. (=to disappear gradually or slowly). 例: -We stood out to sea till the coastline itself began to fade. 我們站在海邊直到海岸線開始看不見. 10/13/2020 (Teusday) 神農子編著.

**逐漸轉變成 to fade into vi. (=to undergo gradual change or transition). 例: -The mountains fade into lowlands. 高山逐漸轉變成低平之地. That nationalism might gradually fade into universal humanism. 彼民族主義或許逐漸轉變成普世人文主義.

**退出或離去 to fade away vi. (=to go away quietly = to retreat = to leave). 例: You can fade away and the sergeant and I will take over. 你可離去我們接替. 10/12/2020 (Monday) 神農子編著.

**(聽眾/笑容) 逐漸消失 to fade vi. (=to dwindle away gradually = to vanish slowly = to sink away). 例: his audience had faded away like snow before the sun. 他的聽眾已像陽光前之雪塊逐漸消失. The smile faded from his face. 笑容從他臉上消失 .

**(樂觀夢想城鎮)衰落 to fade vi. (=to lose strength = to become enervated, unsubstantial, immaterial, unreal). 例: As optimism and security faded in the thirties, ---. 當30歲樂觀與安全感減弱時, ---. As the dream of doing sg. faded, ---. 當夢想減弱時, ---. Countless small towns had boomed for few years and then faded into ghosts. 無數小鎮先繁榮沒幾年然後衰落成鬼城. 10/8/2020 (Thursday) 神農子編著

to wean vt. 5句型 (3): *使斷絕依賴某事 to wean sy from sg. (=to detach from a source of dependence). 例: Wean the bears from human food. 斷絕幾隻熊吃人類食物. The whisperings of that feeling had a tendency to wean my soul from Heaven.耳語那種感覺會使我的靈魂上不了天堂. It was impossible to wean him from his rules, and the world must follow his lead, or live elsewhere. 不可能斷絕他的領導, 舉世必須遵行其領導, 不然你就搬走.

to rout vt. 6定義(3):

*找出 to rout out vt. (=to dig out/to come up with). 例: Went to his cellar and routed out a bottle of port. 到地下儲藏室找出一瓶甜紅酒. *大聲喊叫 . to rout out vt. (=to shout out). 例: <I have no inclination to rout out my name to the countryside. 無意向鄉野大聲喊叫我名字. 9/10/2020 (Thursday). 神農子編著.

to rout vt. 6定義(2):

*驅趕 to rout vt. (=to drive out/to force out/to expel by force). 例: The nation's ground and air forces quickly routed the would-be invaders. 國家陸空部隊迅速趕走疑是入侵者. Whole families are routed out of the house and home. 全家被趕出房子. *趕下床 to rout out vt. (=usually followed by out) to force or drive out). (=to cause to emerge from bed) 例: They routed him out of bed at midnight. 午夜趕他下床.

to rout vt. 6定義(1):

rout n.其他 4定義(2):

*避難 n. the rout from (=the act of getting free from danger). 例: In the mad rout from the school shooter, it was every person for himself. 在避開學校槍手時每個人只顧自己. *時尚聚會 n. at rout (=a fashionable gathering). 例: foreign potentates (=rulers) at diplomatic rout. 外交聚會上一群外國領袖. 9/7/2020 (Monday). 神農子編著. 啟程留學美國周年慶.

一群人英文字總結 (9a):

*一大群人: 最佳2字是.crowd 與 throng. 例: a crowd of young lads 一大群幼齒帥哥. a throng of young lasses 一大群幼齒美人. (但也可用 a mob of 或 mobs of, a rout of 或routs of) *群眾(庶民): 最佳3詞是 the masses, the multitude, and the mob. (也有人使用 the rout). 例句見前文. *mob另有2種重要負面定義: 一群暴民與一群犯罪組織份子. 例句見前文. *一群社會底層無知之徒: 下列2詞語帶蔑視之意, 小心使用. 市井之徒含小偷 the rout 與 the rabble. 例句見前文.

9/5/2020 (Saturday)

一群人英文字總複習 (6)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble/mob.

mob有負面定義: *一群暴民 n. a mob (=a riotous crowd of people; a rabble; a crowd bent on or engaged in or tending to acts of lawless violence). 例: mob law 暴民法律. mob violence 暴民之暴力. windows smashed and police beaten by the angry mob. 一群暴民砸破玻璃窗打警察. The angry mob smashed store windows and attacked people on the streets. 暴民打街民. A mob of about 25 young men burst through the door and unleashed a brutal attack on him. 25位暴民衝進門狠打他.

一群人英文字總複習 (5)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble/mob. *(社區基層)群眾 n. the masses (=the body of common people). 例: In a sense, the masses are not organized. 群眾無組織. That is the only way to raise the masses to a consciousness of their rights and responsibilities. 那是將群眾提升至體認權力與責任之唯一方法. The Western masses 西方社會群眾. *(社區基層)群眾 n. the mob (=the lower classes of a community = the populace or the lower part of it = the body of the community). 例: the use of superstition for the purpose of policing the mob. 用迷信警戒群眾. *群眾. n. the multitude (=a great number of people gathered together = the crowd = the throng = the common people = the masses). 例: “Violence cannot be overcome with violence,” Francis told the multitude a week ago. 暴力無法克服暴力. The dispersion of the multitude became general. 群眾散去 . 群眾之3種表達方式.

一群人英文字總複習 (3)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabblelmob.

*一大群人 n. a rabble of (=a disorderly crowd of people). 例: A rabble of small children besieged him. .一群幼童圍著他. *一群底層之人/市井之徒) n. the rabble (=persons of the lowest class). (輕蔑用語). 例: the London rabble, chimney sweepers, watermen, thieves. 倫敦市井之徒, 煙囪清潔工, 水工, 小偷等. *庶民the rabble n. (=the common people)(輕蔑用詞). 例: The nobility hold the rabble in complete contempt. 貴族完全看不起庶民.

一群人英文字總複習 (2)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble.

*許多事/物 n. a multitude of (=a large number of things). 例: I have a multitude of things to do today. 今日有許多事要做. *許多人 n. a swarm of (=a great number of people, usually contemptuous)(輕蔑用詞). 例: A swarm of dirty children played in the street. 一堆髒小孩在街上遊玩. *一群動物 n. a rout of (=a flock of creatures or animals). 例: restless routs of sheep 數群亂跑的羊.





		June 4, 2013 (Tuesday) Original January 16, 2015 (Friday) Updated February 5, 2019 (Tuesday) Updated 　神農子英語無師可自通/漢英雙語教學 (Mandarin-English Bilingual Self-Learning) 編著者許松勇 Robert S. Hsu, Ph.D., R.Ph. Copyright © Robert S. Hsu, 2019 All rights reserved 版權所有請勿翻印宜蘭雪山人每個概念都有精準而洽當 (precise and felicitous) 的中文字和英文字　來表達, 本欄協助讀者建立這種雙語智能, 讓其他老中不如你, 老美也不如你, 使你的英文有出類拔萃的機會! 你若有雙語智能, 很容易出類拔萃! 　 Mandarin Chinese Pinyin Pronunciation with corresponding ㄅㄆㄇㄈ: 　ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄉㄊㄋㄌㄍㄎㄏㄐㄑㄒ b p m f d t n l g k h j q x 　ㄓㄔㄕㄖㄗㄘㄙ一ㄨㄩ zh ch sh r z c s y,i u ü 　ㄚㄛㄜㄝㄞㄟㄠㄡㄢㄣㄤㄥㄦ a o e e ai ei ao ou an en ang eng er 　 Note: The above table will enable English-speaking people, including ABC (American-born Chinese), to learn Mandarin Chinese language (國語/普通話 guo2 yü3 / pu3 tong hua4) on their own. 　 References: www.dictionary.com (American English) (the world's No.1 online dictionary) www.Merriam-Webster.com (British English) www.thefreedictionary.com (American English) www.nytimes.com (American English) News.yahoo.com (American English) www.chinapost.com.tw (ROC English) english.people.com.cn (PRC English) China - A New History (American English, 已故哈佛大學費正清教授著) Novelists' writings (including the Story of the stone 紅樓夢, British English; Three Kingdoms 三國演義, American English; Six Records of a floating Life, 浮生六記, British English) Many other sources 　 Warning: Occasionally, English written by reporters for the Chinapost or english.people (人民網) is substandard and many non-English-speaking readers may not be able to catch the erroneous sentence; for example, ‘the participants total (vt) 100’ (= amount to)(standard English) was written as ‘the participants total at 100.’(substandard English) However, it's correct in British English to say 'the participants total (vi) to 100.) 　 After you have learned the following English words, you're able to do 3 things: pronounce them and use them in your speech and writing. That means you'll own these words for your lifetime!!!, 　本文介紹西方英文媒體常用字　　　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (9): 使失去艷麗- to fade vt. (=to cause to lose brightness etc.). 例: Sunshine faded the drapes. 日光使窗簾失去艷麗. 例: Years of harsh sunlight had faded the car, which was once fire engine red. (=to make white or whiter by removing color.) 數年烈陽已使汽車火紅顏色不再豔麗(變白).- 使失去新鮮或活力 to fade vt. (=to cause to lose freshness or vitality =to wither). 例: Time has not completely faded the humor of these verses.時間未讓詩句之喜樂蘊涵盡失. 10/14/2020 (Wednesday) 神農子編著. 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (8): 光線變暗to fade vi. (=to become dim/to lose brightness of illumination). 例: Light fades. 日光變暗 to fade vi. (=to lose brilliance). 例: at about half-pas seven, when the light was about to fade. 約7:30 pm 日光開始變暗. The long Roman twilight faded into darkness. 羅馬長期光輝轉暗. the fading light of late afternoon. 黃昏光線減弱. 景色隨日光逐漸消失 to fade vi. (=to disappear gradually or slowly). 例: -We stood out to sea till the coastline itself began to fade. 我們站在海邊直到海岸線開始看不見. 10/13/2020 (Teusday) 神農子編著. 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (7): 逐漸轉變成 to fade into vi. (=to undergo gradual change or transition). 例: -The mountains fade into lowlands. 高山逐漸轉變成低平之地. That nationalism might gradually fade into universal humanism. 彼民族主義或許逐漸轉變成普世人文主義. 退出或離去 to fade away vi. (=to go away quietly = to retreat = to leave). 例: You can fade away and the sergeant and I will take over. 你可離去我們接替. 10/12/2020 (Monday) 神農子編著. 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (6): (船)在視線中逐漸消失 to fade vi. (=to cease to be visible). 例: We watched the ship gradually fade away from view as it sailed away. 船開走時 , 它在我們視線中消失- The departing ship gradually faded over the horizon. 開走的船慢慢消失在海平線上. 神農子編著. 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (5): (聲音)逐漸變小或消失 to fade vi. (=to dwindle or die away gradually). 例: heard at night, when daytime sounds have faded. 白天聲音消退後, 夜裡聽得到. The sound of its voice seemed to fade away with the dying wind. 風小了聲音也隨之消退了- The radio signal faded out as we got further away from the station. 離電台越遠時收音機訊號減弱或消失. 10/11/2020 (Sunday) 神農子編著. 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (4c): (怒氣) 逐漸消退- to fade vi. (=to disappear gradually or slowly). 例: His anger faded away. (note: to fade away = to fade out = to die out). (明星吸引力) 殞落-to fade vi. (=to undergo loss of the appeal of the young or new). 例: a fading child star in Hollywood. 好來屋童星吸引力殞落. 剎車失靈 to fade vi. (=to undergo brake fade n.). 例: The vehicle brake fades. (賽馬路長)馬力消退 to fade vi. (=to lose force and drive and cease to be a contender). 例: The horse faded in the stretch. 馬在直線跑道上失速. 10/9/2020 (Friday) 神農子編著. 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (4b): (聽眾/笑容) 逐漸消失 to fade vi. (=to dwindle away gradually = to vanish slowly = to sink away). 例: his audience had faded away like snow before the sun. 他的聽眾已像陽光前之雪塊逐漸消失. The smile faded from his face. 笑容從他臉上消失 . (樂觀夢想城鎮)衰落 to fade vi. (=to lose strength = to become enervated, unsubstantial, immaterial, unreal). 例: As optimism and security faded in the thirties, ---. 當30歲樂觀與安全感減弱時, ---. As the dream of doing sg. faded, ---. 當夢想減弱時, ---. Countless small towns had boomed for few years and then faded into ghosts. 無數小鎮先繁榮沒幾年然後衰落成鬼城. 10/8/2020 (Thursday) 神農子編著　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (4a): (記憶/期望/名氣/夢想等) 逐漸消失-to fade vi. (=to disappear gradually or slowly = to sink away = to vanish). 例: Memories of sg faded. 逐漸遺忘. a fading memory. 逐漸遺忘. This story seems to have faded out of the popular mind. 此故事似是已為大家遺忘. Hopes for a quick end of the crisis are fading fast. 危機趕快結束之期望快速消失. Their reasons for leaving have faded from memory. 離開之理由已從記憶中消失. He’s trying to recapture the faded glory of his youth. 嘗試找回已消失之青春榮耀. . The band’s popularity has faded in recent years. 幾年來樂隊名氣已消退. The deferred dream will just fade away. 遲遲之夢想將消退 . 10/7/2020 (Wednesday) 神農子編著. . 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (3): (風景/植物/人) 逐漸凋謝或消失to fade vi. (=to disappear gradually or slowly). 健康等衰退或消失- to fade vi. (=to lose bodily strength). 例: She was fading fast from the effects of the pneumonia. 得肺炎健康迅速消退. He began to fade after battling the disease for years. 得病數年後健康開始衰退. The taste is the first to fade, and then the smell, hearing follows, and touch yields, last of all. 味覺嗅覺聽覺觸覺相繼衰退. There was no color to fade from her face, but the light died from her eyes, and the word faltered on her lips. 臉部氣色未消退但眼神消失說話不順 . They will fade, unloved, into obscurity. 人消失無蹤. 10/3/2020 (Saturday) 神農子編著. 　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (2): *(顏色/光線/風景/植物) 喪失鮮豔或亮麗 to fade vi. (=to lose brightness of color or light or landscape =to recede into indistinctness and lack of clarity of outline and detail). 例: now fades the glimmering (日光微弱) landscape on the sight. 微弱日光下之景觀喪失艷麗. 植物/花下垂凋萎- to fade vi. (=to lose freshness, vitality, health =languish, droop枝葉下垂, wither). 例: The old flowers in the vase were fading. 瓶中花下垂萎縮中. fading flowers 花下垂萎縮中. 9/29/2020 (Tuesday) 神農子編著　 to fade vt. 定義與用法舉例 (1): *顏色亮度或活力或清晰度消退 to fade vi. (=to lose brightness or vividness of color). 例: the clarity of color fades. 顏色清晰度消退. 油漆退色不鮮艷 to fade vi. (=to lose freshness = to become dingy). 例: Paintings on the entrance walls have not entirely faded. 進口門上油漆並未完全退色. the fading flowers 花凋萎中. the faded wooden houses. 木屋退色. 紡織品退色不鮮豔 to fade vi. (=to lose brilliance). 例: the fabrics faded in the strong sunshine. 烈陽之下紡織品退色. The fabric will fade unless you protect it from the sunlight. 你不預防烈陽紡織品會退色. 9/29/2020 (Tuesday) 神農子編著　 to wean vt. 5句型(5)* 使某人早年起習於或熟悉某事 Sy is weaned on sg. (=to accustom sy to sg from an early age = to familiarize sy with sg from childhood). 例: If you were weaned on Texas-style chill, then a trip to Cincinnati is an eye-opening experience. 你若自小習於德州之寒冷, 來辛州一遊會讓你大開眼界. As a pianist weaned on Bach, Mozart, and Brahms, it took me half a lifetime to learn to appreciate the histrionics 演奏表演of Liszt and to admire how Chopin blurred the line between theme and ornamentation. 我自小習於巴哈莫札特布拉姆斯之鋼琴演奏, 我耗半生學會欣賞李斯特之演奏表演, 也學會欣賞蕭邦如何將主題與裝飾混在一起. These students had been weaned on the Internet for research. 這些學生早已習於使用網路做研究. I was weaned on greasepaint. 我自小習於戲劇之臉部化妝. These are the principles upon which he had been weaned. 這些原則他早已習慣(或熟悉). 9/16/2020 　 to wean vt. 5句型(4)* 使放棄某習慣或追求等 to wean sy from/away from sg. (=to cause to desert former habits, pursuits, etc.). 例: These novels should wean the young from the foolish romances of this day. 這些小說應可促使年輕人放棄今日之愚蠢戀愛. The troubles of age were intended to wean us gradually from our fondness of life. 年齡所帶來之麻煩是要慢慢促使大家放棄對生命之喜愛. Low prices of movies may have weaned large sections of the public away from the legitimate theater. 廉價電影可能已使廣大群眾放棄劇院 . He settled his soldiers on the land, weaning them from habits of violence. 他讓士兵安居此地, 好讓他們放棄暴力習慣 . 9/15/2020. 　 to wean vt. 5句型(3)* to wean vt. 5句型 (3): 使斷絕依賴某事 to wean sy from sg. (=to detach from a source of dependence). 例: Wean the bears from human food. 斷絕幾隻熊吃人類食物. The whisperings of that feeling had a tendency to wean my soul from Heaven.耳語那種感覺會使我的靈魂上不了天堂. It was impossible to wean him from his rules, and the world must follow his lead, or live elsewhere. 不可能斷絕他的領導, 舉世必須遵行其領導, 不然你就搬走. 9/14/2020.* 　 to wean vt. 5句型(2) to wean vt. 5 句型 (2): 使斷絕依賴某事 to wean sy off/off of sg (=to detach from a source of dependence =to free from a usually unwholesome habit or interest). 例: He has been weaned off the medication. 他已被停藥. Wean him off his excessive drinking. 不讓他過量飲酒. Direct payments came into being in 1996, originally as an effort to wean farmers off of direct government subsidies. 直接付款發生於1996, 本在斷絕農民直接獲政府補貼. Since MGP whiskey is more than 80 percent of my revenues, it might be silly to wean myself off of that. 威士基佔我收入8成餘, 自絕此利潤不通. 9/13/2020. 　 to wean vt. 5句型(1)* to wean vt. 5句型 (1): to wean sy/oneself off sg. to wean sy/oneself off of sg. to wean sy/oneself from sg. to wean sy/oneself away from sg. Sy is weaned on sg. (note: used in the passive). 使斷奶 to wean sy off sg. (=to cause to replace mother’s milk by other nourishment = to deprive permanently of breast milk and begin to nourish with other food.). 例: Wean a child or other young mammal off mother’s milk. 小孩斷奶. The court postponed execution of the sentence, to give her time to recover from childbirth and to wean the new baby. 法院延遲行刑好讓產婦復原並斷新嬰之奶. The calves are weaned at an early age. 幾隻小牛提早斷奶. 9/12/2020.* 　 to rout vt. 6定義(3): 找出 to rout out vt. (=to dig out/to come up with). 例: Went to his cellar and routed out a bottle of port. 到地下儲藏室找出一瓶甜紅酒. 大聲喊叫 . to rout out vt. (=to shout out). 例: <I have no inclination to rout out my name to the countryside. 無意向鄉野大聲喊叫我名字. 9/10/2020 (Thursday). 神農子編著. 　 to rout vt. 6定義(2): 驅趕 to rout vt. (=to drive out/to force out/to expel by force). 例: The nation's ground and air forces quickly routed the would-be invaders. 國家陸空部隊迅速趕走疑是入侵者. Whole families are routed out of the house and home. 全家被趕出房子. 趕下床 to rout out vt. (=usually followed by out) to force or drive out). (=to cause to emerge from bed) 例: They routed him out of bed at midnight. 午夜趕他下床. to rout vt. 6定義(1): 大敗敵軍使其潰散 to rout vt. (=to disperse an army in defeat and disorderly flight = to defeat and cause to flee in confusion). 例: Rout an army. 大敗敵軍使其潰散. 大敗(對手等) to rout vt. (=to defeat decisively or disastrously = to defeat by a large margin). 例: Rout an opponent in conversation. 在對話中大敗對方. As expected, the professional team had no trouble routing the amateurs. 職業隊大敗業餘隊. The discomfiture (=embarrassment) of seeing their party routed at the polls. 眼看其政黨在民調中大敗而難為情. 　 rout n.其他 4定義(2): 避難 n. the rout from (=the act of getting free from danger). 例: In the mad rout from the school shooter, it was every person for himself. 在避開學校槍手時每個人只顧自己. 時尚聚會 n. at rout (=a fashionable gathering). 例: foreign potentates (=rulers) at diplomatic rout. 外交聚會上一群外國領袖. 9/7/2020 (Monday). 神農子編著. 啟程留學美國周年慶. 　 rout n. 其他 4定義(1): 被徹底打垮(潰散) n. (=an utter defeat = a defeat attended with disorderly flight or dispersal of a defeated force in a complete disorder = an overwhelming defeat). 例: Put an army to rout. 將一個部隊打得4 散. Put him to rout. 把他打垮. He was put to rout. 他被打垮. the dictator’s rout. 獨裁者被打垮. a rout of the home team by the state champions.冠軍隊打垮校隊. 輸掉(比賽) n. (=a failure to win a contest). 例: The championship game was a humiliating rout for the team that had been flavored to win. 被看好隊伍輸掉冠軍賽. 9/6/20 (Sun.). 　一群人英文字美語讀音(9b): 美語不用國際音標(IPA). 一大群人 a crowd (kroud), a throng (thrawng 或 throng), a mob (mob), a rout (rout). 群眾(庶民) the masses ('ma-siz), the multitude ('muhl-ti-tyood), the mob (mod), the rout (rout). 一大群暴民 a mob (mob). 一大群犯罪組織份子 a mob (mob). 一大群社會底層無知之徒 the rout (rout), the rabble ('ra-buhl. uh斜體). 9/6/2020 (Sunday) 　一群人英文字總結 (9a):* 一大群人: 最佳2字是.crowd 與 throng. 例: a crowd of young lads 一大群幼齒帥哥. a throng of young lasses 一大群幼齒美人. (但也可用 a mob of 或 mobs of, a rout of 或routs of) 群眾(庶民): 最佳3詞是 the masses, the multitude, and the mob. (也有人使用 the rout). 例句見前文. mob另有2種重要負面定義: 一群暴民與一群犯罪組織份子. 例句見前文. 一群社會底層無知之徒: 下列2詞語帶蔑視之意, 小心使用. 市井之徒含小偷 the rout 與 the rabble. 例句見前文. 9/5/2020 (Saturday) 　一群人英文字總複習 (8)； rout/rabble.(2字語帶輕蔑). 群聚之人或動物 n. a rout of (=a large number of persons or creatures massed together). 例: A great rout of rubberneckers (=a extremely curious person) had gathered around the scene of the accident. 一大群好奇者圍觀事發現場. 最底層之一群人/市井之徒 n. the rabble (=the lowest class of people). 例: In the Civil War, the rabble made common cause with the nobility against the middle classes. 內戰期間市井之徒聯合貴族對抗中產階級. 一群低賤無知之人 n. the rout (=people looked down upon as ignorant and of the lowest class) 例: At first the protests were dismissed as nothing more than the idle doings of the restless rout. 起初幾次示威被驅散, 被視為賤民之無聊取鬧. 　一群人英文字總複習 (7): mob. mob負面定義(續): 指秘密犯罪組織 Mafia. n. the Mob (=Mafia =a hierarchically structured secret organization engaged in smuggling走私, racketeering詐欺, trafficking 販賣人口 in narcotics, human beings, and other criminal activities). He was jailed for his dealings with the Mob. 他與Mafia有來往而入獄. She is a member of the Mob.他是 Mafia成員. 一般秘密犯罪集團 n. a mob of (=a group involved in secret or criminal activities). 例: The club owner was accused of having connections with a mob of racketeers. 被控與詐欺集團有牽連 . 　一群人英文字總複習 (6)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble/mob.* mob有負面定義: 一群暴民 n. a mob (=a riotous crowd of people; a rabble; a crowd bent on or engaged in or tending to acts of lawless violence). 例: mob law 暴民法律. mob violence 暴民之暴力. windows smashed and police beaten by the angry mob. 一群暴民砸破玻璃窗打警察. The angry mob smashed store windows and attacked people on the streets. 暴民打街民. A mob of about 25 young men burst through the door and unleashed a brutal attack on him. 25位暴民衝進門狠打他. 一群人英文字總複習 (5)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble/mob. (社區基層)群眾 n. the masses (=the body of common people). 例: In a sense, the masses are not organized. 群眾無組織. That is the only way to raise the masses to a consciousness of their rights and responsibilities. 那是將群眾提升至體認權力與責任之唯一方法. The Western masses 西方社會群眾. (社區基層)群眾 n. the mob (=the lower classes of a community = the populace or the lower part of it = the body of the community). 例: the use of superstition for the purpose of policing the mob. 用迷信警戒群眾. 群眾. n. the multitude (=a great number of people gathered together = the crowd = the throng = the common people = the masses). 例: “Violence cannot be overcome with violence,” Francis told the multitude a week ago. 暴力無法克服暴力. The dispersion of the multitude became general. 群眾散去 . 群眾之3種表達方式. 　一群人英文字總複習 (5)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble/mob. (社區基層)群眾 n. the masses (=the body of common people). 例: In a sense, the masses are not organized. 群眾無組織. That is the only way to raise the masses to a consciousness of their rights and responsibilities. 那是將群眾提升至體認權力與責任之唯一方法. The Western masses 西方社會群眾. (社區基層)群眾 n. the mob (=the lower classes of a community = the populace or the lower part of it = the body of the community). 例: the use of superstition for the purpose of policing the mob. 用迷信警戒群眾. 群眾. n. the multitude (=a great number of people gathered together = the crowd = the throng = the common people = the masses). 例: “Violence cannot be overcome with violence,” Francis told the multitude a week ago. 暴力無法克服暴力. The dispersion of the multitude became general. 群眾散去 . 群眾之3種表達方式. 　一群人英文字總複習 (4)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble/mob.* 庶民 n. rout (=the common people). 例: a vulgar comment by the common rout. 芸芸眾生粗魯之言. 一大群庶民(群眾) n. rout (=a large number of common people). 例: a rout of the common people. 芸芸眾生. the busy rout of the street. 街上群眾. 一群人 n. a rout of (=a number of). 例: the rout of lads 一群幼齒帥哥. 許多 n. a rout of (=a large number of). 例: the rout of series of books and pamphlets on the war 一大堆套書. 神農子編著. 　一群人英文字總複習 (3)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabblelmob. 一大群人 n. a rabble of (=a disorderly crowd of people). 例: A rabble of small children besieged him. .一群幼童圍著他. 一群底層之人/市井之徒) n. the rabble (=persons of the lowest class). (輕蔑用語). 例: the London rabble, chimney sweepers, watermen, thieves. 倫敦市井之徒, 煙囪清潔工, 水工, 小偷等. 庶民the rabble n. (=the common people)(輕蔑用詞). 例: The nobility hold the rabble in complete contempt. 貴族完全看不起庶民. 　一群人英文字總複習 (2)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble.* 許多事/物 n. a multitude of (=a large number of things). 例: I have a multitude of things to do today. 今日有許多事要做. 許多人 n. a swarm of (=a great number of people, usually contemptuous)(輕蔑用詞). 例: A swarm of dirty children played in the street. 一堆髒小孩在街上遊玩. 一群動物 n. a rout of (=a flock of creatures or animals). 例: restless routs of sheep 數群亂跑的羊. 　一群人英文字總複習 (1)； crowd/throng/multitude/swarm/rout/rabble. 一大群人 n. a crowd of, a throng of (=a large number of people crowded together )(中性名詞無輕蔑之意). 例: a crowd of angry people 一大群憤怒之人. a throng of angry people 一大群氣憤之人. 許多(事/物) n. a crowd of, a throng of (=a great number of things gathered together). 例: a throng of memories. 許多回憶. 一大群人 n. a multitude of (=a great number of persons with space enough for all). 例: a multitude of people at the market on Saturdays. .周6市場人多. 　 To encumber vt. 5定義總複習(4): (債/法律責任)加重負(於人/物) (=to load or burden with debts or obligations or other legal claims). An estate that is encumbered with mortgages. 不動產背負抵押貸款. (瑣事/無用資訊)裝滿(大腦) vt. (=to fill with what is obstructive or superfluous or useless). a mind (that is) encumbered with trivial and useless information. 腦子裝滿瑣碎與無用東西. 8/20/2020 (Thursday). 神農子編著. 　 To encumber vt. 5定義總複習(3): 使(人/事)處於困難 (=to create difficulty for the work of/ to make difficult). 例: These rules will only encumber the people we're trying to help. 這些規則為難他們. Lack of funding has encumbered the project. 缺錢為難計畫案. All of these regulations encumber doctors, taking time away from the actual practice of medicine 這些規定為難醫師, 減少他行醫時間, You must have nothing to encumber you 勿為難自己. 8/19/2020 (Wednesday). 神農子編著. 　 To encumber vt. 5定義總複習(2): 阻礙 vt. (=to impede or hamper the requisite function of/to hinder/to retard). 例: Elaborate ritual encumbering international diplomacy. 繁文縟禮有礙外交. A project encumbered by lack of funds. 缺錢妨礙計畫案. Negotiations encumbered by a lack of trust. 缺乏信任妨礙談判. Red tape encumbers all our attempts at action. 繁文縟節妨礙我們之企圖心. His stupidity encumbers his efforts to learn 愚蠢妨礙學習. Funeral processions are no longer permitted to encumber our streets 不讓送殯隊伍阻斷街道. 8/18/020 (Tuesday). 神農子編著. 　 To encumber vt. 5定義總複習(1): 句型: Sg to encumber sy/sg. Sy/sg is encumbered by/with sg else. Sg to encumber our attempts at sg else.某事阻礙我們之企圖心. Sg to encumber our efforts to do sg. 某事阻礙我們之努力. Noun: 阻礙 impediment,hindrance,hurdle,obstacle, obstructions.. (物品)加重負於(人) (=to weigh down (to become bowed)/to burden)(to impose or place a burden on sy). 例: He was encumbered with parcels. 物品包壓扁他. Tourists are encumbered by heavy luggages. 重行李壓扁遊客. Don't encumber your pack animal so much that it can hardly move 勿讓役畜背太多以免它走不動. She was encumbered with a suitcase and several packages. 公事包物品包壓扁他. He was encumbered with parcels after going shopping at Christmas; 所購之物壓扁他. A summer resort encumbered with great clapboard-and-stucco hotels (=to load to excess/overburden)旅店多壓扁避暑勝地. 8/17/2020 (Monday). 神農子編著. 　 To strip vt. 15 定義(4): 出自3部英文字典原著拆除(表面之物) (=to remove the externals or trappings of sg/divest of adventitious 偶發 or superficial matters). The institute stripped his proposition to the bare bones.他的提議被剝成只剩骨頭. 拆去(附帶設備) (=to remove the accessory equipment of/to dismantle). He was sure the car would be either stripped or stolen. 汽車不被剝去零件就是被偷走.搬空(屋內物品) (=to make bare or clear by removing objects from/to empty off or out).The church …was sold to a housebreaker who stripped it of its valuables.教堂賣給竊屋犯後他搬空貴重物品.They stripped the room when they left. 離開時搬空房間.The building had been completely stripped of its original woodwork.建築物被完全搬走原有木造部分. 8/9/20 (Sun.). 　 To strip vt. 15 定義(3): 出自3部英文字典原著拆除(將軍之星) (=to deprive someone of a uniform, insignia of rank or office, or a decoration) The president stripped two generals of their stars. 撤銷(特權/榮譽/職務) (=to divest one of honors, privileges, or functions). The new nation stripped the sultan of both his legislative and executive powers. An indiscretion that resulted in her being stripped of her authority (=to take sg away from) 不謹言慎行使她喪失權力. 拆解(槍枝) (=to separate a weapon into the component parts/disassemble). He could strip and reassemble a machine gun in the dark. 神農子編著 8/8/2020 (Saturday).父親節快樂　 To strip vt. 15 定義(2): 出自3部英文字典原著拔(羽毛) (=to tear or scrape off skin, etc./to wrest away) He stripped the feathers from fowl. 剝(樹皮): He stripped the bark from trees. 取下(照相版上底片): He stripped the film from a photographic plate. 剝((漆): He stripped the paint from a surface. 剝除(靜脈) (=to remove a vein)(Medical). He stripped a subcutaneous vein by means of a surgical instrument/vein stripping. 神農子編著 8/7/2020 (Friday). 　 To strip vt. 15 定義(1): 出自3部英文字典原著句型: to strip (sy) of (sg) 使(某)人無(某)物. 脫光(衣服) (=to remove clothing from/make naked) The prisoners were stripped naked. Strip the child completely for a doctor's examination. 脫光檢查. She gets paid to dance and strip at the club. 跳脫衣舞賺錢. The nurse told the nervous mother to strip her screaming baby down to his diaper for the exam. 脫光尿布檢查. 脫(外衣等) (=to divest one of outer garments/to remove clothing from a person/to take off). The nurse stripped him of his robe. 脫掉長外套 He stripped himself to the trunks 脫上身 He stripped himself down to his underwear. 脫到只剩內衣 It was a privilege to help the king strip off his shirt. 助君王脫上衣. 神農子編著 8/6/20 (Thu.). 　 to dispossess (vt.) 三定義: 句型: to dispossess (prople) of (their real property). 奪走(某人房地產)(=to put sy out of possession of real property or land). 例: The organization dispossessed the nobles of their land 某機構奪走貴族土地. to dispossess sy of his real property 奪走某人房地產.. 放棄建物所有權 (=to abandon ownership of a building). 例: Landlords have dispossessed many old tenement buildings. 房東拋棄許多老舊之出租建築物. 趕走/逐出(原居地)(=to drive out, to banish, to put sy out of occupancy of). 例: The land was settled by dispossessing the native people who lived here. 驅趕當地原住民安置新移民. The process unfairly dispossesses poorer residents of their long-established homes (=to end the occupancy or possession of) 驅趕貧戶離開老家. to dispossess people of their homes 驅趕居民使其拋棄家園 . 神農子編著 8/5/2020 (Wednesday). 　 to divest (vt.) of 英文9定義總複習 (3): 3部英文字典原著撤銷 (=to take away sg from sy). 例: He was divested of the boxing title when the fraud was uncovered. 被發現作弊其拳擊頭銜被撤銷. 推掉/免於 (=to rid of/to free from). 例: He divested himself of the responsibility for the decision. 推掉作決定之責任. 放棄 (續) (=to dispossess sg). 例: We may have to divest assets to raise capital. 放棄資產籌資本. 又例: We encourage the university to divest itself from fossil fuels. 鼓勵大學校方放棄燃油. 又例: The company is divesting 8 of its 20 stores. 20家店關8家. 總之, 9定義: 脫(衣) 撤銷(頭銜) 剝奪(權力) 賣掉(子公司) 拋棄(所有) 沒收(抵押品) 吹落(樹葉) 取下(裝飾品) 推掉(責任)等皆可使用 to divest (vt.), 讚!. 神農子編著 8/4/2020 (Tuesday).. 　 to divest (vt.) of 英文9定義總複習 (2): 3部英文字典原著吹落 (=to strip of). 例: The wind divested the trees of their leaves. 風吹落樹葉. 取下 (=to strip of). 例: Christmas trees were divested of ornament. 聖誕樹上裝飾品被移除. 放棄 (=to dispossess sg.) 例: She divested herself of all her worldly possessions. 放棄俗世裏所擁有之一切. He was compelled to divest himself of his holdings. 又例: The former CEO has divested himself of most of his responsibilities but will continue to work as a consultant. 放棄CEO責任改當顧問. 神農子編著 8/3/20 (Mon.). 　 to divest (vt.) of 英文9定義總複習 (1): 3部英文字典原著脫衣 (=to undress/to strip sy of clothes). 例: We divested him of his clothes. He divested himself of his coat. 賣掉 (=sell off/to rid of through sale). 例: The corporation divested itself of its subsidiaries. 賣掉子公司沒收 (=to end the possession of). 例: Unable to make mortgage payments, they are divested of their house. 未付抵押貸款抵押品被沒收剝奪 (=to deprive sy of sg). 例； He was divested of his rights.. 神農子編著 8/3/2020 (Monday). 　華盛頓郵報稱: 川普(特郎普)總統至今已說過 1萬餘次不實之言. 評論家稱他缺乏誠信, 不適任總統. 神注: 川普喜愛政治語言(political rhetoric), 此類語言可不論真假. Washington Post the Fact Checker says President Trump has made over 10,000 false claims (神注: = untrue statements, or lies). Commentators say he lacks integrity and is unfit to be president. 7/25/2020 (Saturday) 　華盛頓郵報稱: 川普(特郎普)總統至今已說過 1萬餘次不實之言. 評論家稱他缺乏誠信, 不適任總統. 神注: 川普喜愛政治語言(political rhetoric), 此類語言可不論真假. Washington Post the Fact Checker says President Trump has made over 10,000 false claims (神注: = untrue statements, or lies). Commentators say he lacks integrity and is unfit to be president. 7/25/2020 (Saturday) 　東西文明之英文字定義( by 神農子): 歐美之 white supremacy (白人至優無與倫比): 起於滿人立清國時, 持續至今, 已歷400年. 中國 sinocentrism: 其定義是世界之中心唯我獨尊. 其基本意涵是 Han supremacy. 起於黃帝至朱家明國亡國止, 歷時逾 4,000年. 西方漢學家曰: 大明帝國之科技超越歐洲300年. 復興中華 (China's reinvention and resurgence): 指恢復sinocentrism. 4要件: 地大人多科技高經濟佳 7/21/20 (Tue.) White supremacists 對 Han supremacy 之歷史一無所知, 也輸不起, 不承認比別人差! 　漢字河洛音師資培訓教材(33): Pictographically (象形), a sword (劍) “丿” cutting across the middle of a heart “心” splits the heart in half. And so, “必” means “to split in half” in Confucius (551BC-479BC) times. And so, the 1st Han Chinese language dictionary <說文解字>(121AD) defines “必” as “分極也” (splitting into 2 extremes). To this day, , “必” is still pronounced “pit5” and retains its original meaning “to split” in Han Chinese language (河洛漢語), yet , “必” is pronounced “pi4” and has lost its "splitting" definition in the Mandarin Chinese language (國語/普通話). This is the reason why the Mandarin Chinese language is referred to as non-Chinese Chinese language (胡漢語). Confucius says, “毋意毋必毋固毋我.” It means: Don't get emotional, don't get polarized, don't be rigid, and don't be selfish., 2/14/2011 (Valentine's Day). 6/13/2020 (Saturday). 　漢字河洛音師資培訓教材(21): 爾 /尒/尔/你 /汝漢人漢語: 河洛音皆讀成 li4 (上聲, 即第4聲) , 音同 ‘女’ li4, 你也. 非漢人漢語: ‘爾汝你’, 北京音分別是 er3 ru3 ni3, 或ㄦ ˊ ㄖㄨˊ ㄋ一ˊ等. 爾汝 ’是文言文 ‘你’是白話文, 皆 ‘你’也. <康熙字典1716AD >: 爾兒氏切神注: 河洛音讀成li2 si4 切, 切成 l + i = li4 ; 北京音 er2 shi4 或ㄦ ˊ ㄕ ˋ 切, 切不出 ‘爾’字北京音ㄦˊ . 汝人渚切河洛音讀成lin2 tsi4 切, 切成 l + i = li4 ; 北京音 ren2 zhu3 切, 切成 r + u = ru3, 音同 ‘乳’. 你乃里切河洛音讀成lai4 li4 切, 切成 l + i = li4 ; 北京音 nai3 li3 切, 切成 n + i = ni3. ‘你’ 是 ‘ 爾尔汝’等3字之俗字也神農子曰: ‘爾汝你’ 河洛音皆是 li4, 3 個字的切韻被非漢人改音後, 其北京音各異! Three Han scripts, ‘爾汝你’, all pronounced ‘li4’ in traditional Han language, are equivalent to ‘you’ in English, but each of the 3 words is pronounced differently while carrying identical meaning in Mandarin ! 10/11/2017 (Wed.) Los Angeles 　 <Yahoo News 5/9/2020>美國前總統歐巴馬抨擊現任川普/特郎普總統應對新冠病毒疫情無方絕對是一場全面混亂與災難. U.S. Former President Barack Obama lashed out at Trump’s response to COVID-19 pandemic as an absolute chaotic disaster. 5/9/2020 (Saturday). 　 <路透社獨家報導>(May 6, 2020): 美國商務部已草擬新法規, 准許華為與美國科技公司群共同建立世界5G標準. 新法規尚未通過其他政府部門, 雙方(神農子注: 商務部與華為公司)皆拒絕發言. <Reuters. Exclusive>The U.S. Department of Commerce has drafted a new rule that allows the U.S. firms and Huawei Technologies to work together on setting world 5G standards. The new rule would go to other agencies for approval. Both souces declined to comment. 神農子曰: 讚! 華為公司 5G科技領先全球　 Doctor Anthony Fauci 醫師 (美國國立過敏與傳染疾病學院主席)曰: 新冠病毒源於大自然, 再感染其他生物.. 無科學證據病毒來自武漢實驗室. Doctor Anthony Fauci (the Director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and infectious Diseases): Coronavirus evolved in nature and then jumped from animals to humans. And no scientific evidence the virus was made in a Chinese lab. Michael Pompeo (美國國務院國務卿)曰: 一大堆證據新冠病毒來自武漢實驗室 Michael Pompeo (the Secretary of State, Department of State): Enormous evidence coronavirus came from Wuhan lab. 聯合國曰: 美國未分享新冠病毒來源. U.N.: U.S. has not shared evidence on alleged coronavirus origin. 神農子曰: 人類衛生問題在民主政治裏可做政治操弄. Political manipulation of a human health issue in Western democracy. 5/5/2020 (Tuesday). 　中高階英文教學 2. 佛教因果報應: 今世信佛為善者將得善報, 成佛而免於輪迴; 今世為惡者來世將得惡報, 輪迴投胎成禽獸. :Karma law in Buddhism: Those who have faith in Buddhism and do good (為善) to the rest of the world in the present life (今世) will attain nirvana (涅槃 = 成佛), eternal freedom from reincarnation (免於輪迴) as a reward (善報); those who in the present life (今世) do harm (為惡) to the rest of the world will become in the future life (來世) an animal other than a human being as a retribution (惡報) in the process of reincarnation (=rebirth輪迴 , 即投胎轉世). 4/28/2020 (Tuesday) 　中高階英文教學巨富6大特徵/條件: 有生財事業/永續經營/勤/儉/誠信(有信用)/友善(會招呼) Six qualities/requirements for super-rich or ultra-rich persons: Possession of a lucrative business/sustainable business operation/assiduity, industry, diligence, or hard work/thrift, thriftiness, or frugality/integrity/friendliness. 4/26/2020 (Sunday). 　 It 句型14: It ---befpre (conj.)---. It + future tense--- before + present tense---./It + past tense --- before + past tense--- /It might have been ---before + past tense---. 例. It won’t be long before the semester is over.It won’t be long before I come back/It will be some time before I can finish it./It was some time before I could plan it to suit you./It was a long time before I climbed another tree./It was a long time back before they were married.(他們很久才成婚)/It was another hour before I succeeded in getting her napkin folded./It (COVID-19) might have been in Italy for weeks before it was detected. March 26. 2020 (Thursday). 　 It 之句型 13: It is time ---有4句型. It is time (for somebody) to do something./It is time for sg./It is time sy did (subjunctive現在該做未做) sg./It is time sy should do sg. 例. It's time for you to make a choice./It's high time you made a choice./It's time you should make a choice./It's time for dinner./It's time for a break./It's time we went home. /It's time the police took action. March 25, 2020 (Wednesday). 　 It 之句型 12: Word/Rumor/Tradition/Legend/Proverb/Old saying/Gossip has it that ---(a clause). 例. Rumor has it that she is going to marry him. Legend has it (=people say) that he always wore his boots in bed. Gossip has it that she is going to get divorced. Old Chinese saying has it that "when the tree falls, the monkeys scatter."樹倒猢猻散" (<紅樓夢>英譯本) . Chinese idiom has it that "Joy at its height engenders sorrow." 樂極生悲 (<紅樓夢>英譯本) . Chinese proverb has it that "The aging ginger root is getting more and more pungent." 薑是老的辣 (神農子創作). March 23, 2020 (Monday) 　 It (主詞)之句型 11: It takes something to do something else. 例. It took (me) hours/days/months/years/decades to complete the work. It takes money/energy/wisdom/modern technology to have the work done. March 23, 2020 (Monday). 　 It (主詞)之句型 10: It = sg . = infinitive. it is a pity/tragedy/disgrace/virtue to do or not to do sg. 例. It is a pity to waste this food. It is a tragedy to see so much talent going to waste. It is a disgrace that Government Departments are not subjected to the same scrutiny and punishments. It is a virtue to yield your seat to those in need. March 23, 2020 (Monday) 　 It (主詞)之句型 9: It is sg that (pronoun, as a subject or an object of the subordinate clause) ---. 例. It is the type of work that I am not good at. It is the chapter that I didn't complete reading. March 23, 2020 (Monday). 　 t (主詞)之句型 8: It = sg = that clause. It is something that (conj.) ---(a clause). 例. It is his fault that (conj.) he did not lock the garage. (It = his fault = that clause). It is the certainty that it is true. It is the fear that something unpleasant might happen. It is the fact that you are here.March 23, 2020 (Monday). 　 It (主詞)之句型 7: it is said/reported/believed/expected/assumed/suspected/well known/generally acknowledged/generally accepted that ---(a clause). 例. It is said that imitation is the sincerest flattery. It is well known that the funding of field operations and programmes comes from different budget sources. It is believed that they plotted the assassination of the king. It is assumed that it was a suicide bomber. It is suspected that these characteristics may have changed significantly. It is generally acknowledged that electric power generation uses large volumes of water. It is generally accepted that microfinance alone is not a panacea for either poverty or gender inequality. March 23, 2020 (Monday). 　 It (主詞)之句型 6: 常用 adj. 如下. It is true/likely/possible/improbable/conceivable/amazing/obvious/apparent that ---(a clause) 例. It was apparent that she was not an ordinary child. It is conceivable that they knew about it beforehand. It is obvious that he is wrong. It is improbable that the Prime Minister will be forced to resign. It is unlikely that he will ever be in a position to get the plan implemented. It is true that he had doubts about the project. It is amazing that no one else has applied for the job. March 22, 2020 (Sunday) 　 t (主詞)之句型 5: 下列 adj. 表示指令 (command) 請求(request) 或呼籲(urge, recommendations, advise). It is important/essential/imperative/crucial/vital/urgent/required/obligatory/necessary/recommended/desirable that ---(a clause with a verb in subjunctive mood). 例. It's important that he report to the jury service. It's essential that only fresh spinach be used. It's imperative that he leave. It's urgent that he come immediately. It's necessary that fee be paid in advance. March 21, 2020 (Saturday). 　 t (主詞)之句型 4: 學者論文句型很常用 It remains to be investigated whether---(a clause)/It remains to be studied what --- (a clause)/It remains to be determined who ---(a clause). 例l. It remains to be investigated whether COVID-19 virus can cause reinfection. It remains to be studied what causes reinfection of novel coronavirus. It remains to be determined who is more susceptible to COVID-19 reinfection. March 21, 2020 (Saturday). 　 (主詞)之句型 3:. It occurs to me that ---. It comes to my mind that ---. 例. It did occur to him that he could not be a luggage boy all his lifetime. (=it came to his mind that---). It comes to my mind that our office can be closed for one week and each employee will work at home.. March 20, 2020 (Friday). 　 t (主詞)之句型 2:. It may be that ---. It turns out that ---. 例. It may be that she doesn't understand what you mean. It turned out that she didn't understand what I meant. (=It was found in the end that ---). March 19, 2020 (TThursday) 　 t (主詞)之句型: 句型1. It seems/seemed that ---. It appears/appeared that ---. It happens/happened that ---. 例. It seems that he won’t come/It seemed that he didn't know.. It appears that everything goes well./It appeared that he wasn’t home yesterday. It happens that COVID-19 outbreak is global./It happened that COVID-19 global death toll stood at 3+%.. March 19, 2020 (Thursday) 　英文之 “例外” 也用於指唯一之缺陷: “例外” = except (prep.) =except for (prep.) = with the exception of (prep.) = except that (conj..) = with the exception that (conj.) = besides (prep.) = aside from (prep.) = apart from (prep.) = other than (prep.) = outside of (prep.) 例. Except for (=with the exception of) this mistake, you did very well./Except for Jack, everyone came to the party./With the exception of (=except for) the weather, everything went extremely well./Aside from (=except for) the C in geometry, he made all A’s this term./Apart from ( except for) the saggy roof, the cottage is in pretty good shape. 英文特殊句型: I would travel more except for (=were it not for) lack of money./I would have arrived earlier except that (=with the exception that) I lost my way. 2/29/2020 　中文 “例外”, 英文多以負面句型來突出其例外(II): 例. Other than (except for) that, nothing changed. /Other than (=except for) a new jacket, I bought no special clothes for the wedding./It cannot be changed other than (=except or but) by judicial order./Outside of (=except) the project, I don’t think you have many hoices. /There is nothing you can do besides (=except) making the best of the situation./no one besides (=except) us/Nothing besides (=except) a miracle can help them. 2/28/2020 　中文 “例外”, 英文多以負面句型來突出其例外(I): “例外” = except (prep.), except for (prep.), besides (prep.), aside from (prep.), apart from (prep.), other than (prep.), outside of (prep.) 例. There is no one here besides (=except) Bill and me. /Outside of (=except for) us, no one else came to the party. /Outside of ( except for) a little lipstick, she wore no makeup./They had no more food aside from (=except for) a few stale rolls. /He has nothing aside from (=except for) the clothes he stands in. 2/28/2020 　 Other than 之5種用法: 不同(形容詞)other than (adj.) = different from. 例. He couldn’t be other than (adj). what he is. 他不可能”變”/I would not have him other than he is./How could she be other than happy with the new house?有新屋不可能 ”不快樂” 不同(副詞)other than (adv.) = differently from. 例. They couldn’t behave other than they do.他們不可能 "不那樣做” ---之外還有(介詞, 接名詞)other than (prep.) = in addition to. 例. a lady other than his wife /she has a lover other than her husband.先生之外還有情夫例外(介詞, 接名詞)other than (prep.) = except (for). 例. Other than that, nothing changed.只有那件改變/Other than a new jacket, I bought no special clothes for the wedding. (-= except/not including)只買一件新夾克例外(連接詞, 接子句) other than (conj.) = except/but 例. It cannot be changed other than (that it is changed) by judicial order.(mw)只有靠司法命令才能改變該事. 2/27/2020 　媒體英文總複習: 中文: 例外, 不含 = except (for) = exclusive of = besides = aside from = apart from = other than = outside of. 例. No one besides us. except)/There is nothing you can do besides watching. with the exception of/Aside from the C in geometry, he made all A's this term. except for/not including)/Outside of one servant, he is alone in the house. except)/Other than that, nothing happened. except for)/Everyone was gone except for me. with the exception of)/Except for newscasts, I hardly watch any television at all./There were four of us exclusive of the guide. not including)/Apart from the saggy roof, the cottage is in pretty good shape. except for) February 23, 2020 (Sunday 　 <網路英文字典>約出現於 1999年9月, 我開始寫 <媒體英文總複習教材> , 並於10年後(2010年2月春季班) 在臺大醫/藥學院開課 (2學分, 全校選修), 今(2020)年3月進入教學第11th年. 教材在此發表, 看各位有無胃口: 中文: ---之外還有--- = besides = aside from = apart from = other than. 例: a lady other than my sister/Besides a mother, he has a sister to support./Aside from (prep) her salary, she receives money from investments./Apart from other considerations, time is a factor. in addition to). 中文: 不含/只 = besides = except (for) = aside from = other than = outside of. 例:Outside of a little lipstick, she wore no makeup. 只施胭脂無化妝 /Outside of us, no one else came to the party./There is no one else here besides Bill and me./Except for this mistake, you did very well./They had no more food, aside from a few stale rolls./He couldn’t be other than what he is./They couldn’t behave other than they do.他們只能那樣做 Feb.16, 20 (Sun.). 校外 = outside (prep.) the school; 很多人寫成 outside (noun) of the school, 被老美視為不正確 (incorrect) 不標準 (non-standard). 理由是 outside of 是個 idiom = except for 不含. 但在UK 2定義皆通. 　美國經濟學家眼中巨富之道: 巨富(superrich and ultrarich)同時具備下列6種特徵, 缺1不可(6 coherent qualities)；有生財事業(a lucrative business); 永續經營(sustainable operations); 勤(diligence, assiduity, industry); 儉(thriftiness); 誠信integrity); 廣結善緣friendliness). 你能做到必成巨富. 神農子曰: 簡而不易行, 知易行難, 哈! 從年輕時身體力行你會超脫庶民人生! 10/4/2019 (Friday) TPE. 　我應邀參加臺大藥學院2019年謝師宴, 現在向各位傳播正確資訊如下: 臺大藥學院6年畢業, 得藥學士學位(英文是 Pharm. D., 全名是 Doctor of Pharmacy); 臺大醫學系7年畢業, 得醫學士學位(英文是 M. D., 全名是 Doctor of Medicine 或 Medical Doctor); 臺大牙醫學院6年畢業, 得牙醫學士學位(英文是 D. D.S, 全名是 Doctor of Dental Science); 美國大學4年畢業後再讀3年法學院畢業, 得J.D.學位(英文全名是 Juris Doctor 或 Doctor of Jurisprudence), 以上4種 doctorates (i.e. doctoral degrees) 准許畢業生考4種執照: 有Pharm D 可考藥師執照, 有MD可考醫師執照, 有DDS可考牙醫師執照, 美國有JD可考律師執照; 故上述 4種 Doctors皆稱為師, 不是博士學位; 師是服務業, 但博士是開發新知之學者行業, 博士學位指 Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science, Doctor of Education等等); 博士學位屬於研究院所學位, 少數人有師/博士雙學位, 英文簡寫成 Pharm D, Ph.D.; MD, PhD; DDS, PhD; JD, PhD. 第1個 Doctor是師, 第2個 Doctor是博士 (許多師級人物自稱藥學博士, 醫學博士, 牙醫博士, 法學博士, 往自己臉上貼金, 但身為其客戶不宜拆穿其誤. ) 神農子曰: 英文有些地方確實頗深; 許多網路資訊確實胡言亂語!. 9/26/2019 (Thursday) TPE. <媒體英文教學> (8/13/2019 Tuesday) TPE: rampage. noun. (RAM-peyj) = an outbreak of violent, raging behavior or action; violently angry with destructive behavior. 發飆並毀壞物品. 句型: to go on a rampage; to go on the rampage; to go on his rampage; to go on some rampage. 例: 此河發飆河水淹蓋鄉野. The river has gone on a rampage and flooded the countryside. 一群人發飆沿城毀壞萬物. Rioters, demonstrators, protestors, radicals, gangs of youths, they went on a/the rampage through the city, destroying everything in their way. 士兵發飆搶劫商店又亂射. Soldiers went on a rampage, pillaging stores and shooting. 發飆 = 暴怒 = rampage 定義之1半, 另1半是搗毀行為* 　英語教學: A young lass (幼齒美人) who showed up today at Taipei’s SOGO Zhongxiao Building, (SOGO忠孝館) was wearing her one-piece black bodice baring both of her shoulders (裸露雙肩) with plunging V neckline cleavage (裸露乳溝). Quite a few youg lasses in Taipei wear their bodice with a deep plunging neckline cleavage, with or without bare shoulders. My comment: 西方文明以公開少穿來崇尚/彰顯女性之眮體美, 臺灣人已普遍接受此風, 每年夏日無數臺灣幼齒美人出現在臺北東區地下街, 展現其青春眮體之美, 讚! 　英語教學: Tonight a beautiful, tall, young lass (幼齒美人) who is typically scantily clad (衣著清涼), shoulder-baring (露肩), backless (露背), and in midriff (露肚) and hot pants (熱褲露腿) exposing her breath-taking fair-skinned and tender long thighs and legs (長腿肌膚白嫩) , emerged in Taipei’s Eastern MRT mall (出現於東區地下街). She spent about an hour chatting with her male friend and then disappeared with him all of a sudden. My comment: 這位美人衣著確實無法再少了哈! 　英語教學: In July with a sultry, scorching summer sun (7月夏日炎炎), young human females in Taipei are either scantily clad (臺北幼齒美人衣著清涼), wearing shoulder-baring (露肩) and backless (露背) dresses , midriff (露肚) and hot pants (露腿) revealing their fair-skinned and beautifully shaped tender thighs and legs (雙腿線美肌膚白嫩), or in figure-flattering skin-tight white dresses (或衣著貼身曲線彰顯) revealing their plunging neckline cleavage (裸露乳溝). In brief, the bodily beauty of young lasses (幼齒美人眮體之美) in Taipei is breath-taking (令人喘不過氣來) and their sexy images are lingering in males’ mind even while sleeping at night (性感身影午夜夢迴). My comment: 老外形容性感美人就是用這些英文字哈! 　 <中華聯邦或中華邦聯> 是ROC(臺灣)與PRC (大陸)和平統一之最佳模式, 理由是<中華聯邦或中華邦聯>能維持臺灣獨立之現狀/維持臺灣是原版中華文明之現狀/維持台灣是國(state)有獨立之民主法治(rule of law)而與極權法治 (rule by law)分隔之現狀/維持臺灣不向大陸納稅之現狀/維持臺灣擁有自衛武力之現狀等等, 那何事需要談判? 國旗/國號/國歌/國父(以孫中山取代馬克思)等等需要談判以求統一, 救臺護臺之唯一途徑是與PRC長期談判統一! 你若不信, 臺灣將變成今之 Hong Kong, 1國2治! 7/11/2019 My comment: 神農子以本篇響應台獨大老范光隸先生主張盡速談判和平統一之觀點! 2蔣年代, 名人陶百川/連戰皆持共組中華聯邦或邦聯以求統一之觀念　客觀證據: PRC科技學者之研發論文發表數量舉世第1; PRC之5G科技(第5代高速網路)全球稱霸; PRC之AI科技(人工智慧)多處高於美國; PRC之AI學者論文發表數量超越美國; PRC之無人機(drones)市場佔全球7成; PRC目標鎖定2030年成為世界科技中心(a leading technology hub). 臺灣必須與PRC談判和平統一以救臺護臺. 拖越久臺灣條件越弱 7/9/2019 TPE 　 PRC 64天安門民運30周年感言: 恭喜民進黨( DPP) 蔡英文總統有進步, 開始號昭以人民之民主法治 (people’s rule of law) 反攻大陸, 而非搞台獨; 她能在ROC總統府面對PRC數群民運人士, 顯示ROC/DPP人遠比 CCP/CPC/PRC人文明與進步, 但我也相信時間一到, CPC/PRC 會突變成人民民主法治之理性文明世界. Solute to President Tsai Ingwen: On the eve of the 30th anniversary of PRC Tiananmen democratic movement, President Tsai propounded ROC people’s rule of law to PRC , and received some activists involved in the 64 democratic movement. I believe time will come for CPC/PRC to mutate to a rational civilized world of the people’s rule of law. 6/4/2019 (Teusday) 　 <英文總複習> 美國17歲帥哥今年高中畢業11天後, 又從哈佛畢業. 他在6年內完成到校暑修與網路函授課程, 取得哈佛學士學位. 台灣帥哥可學! The 17-year-old Braxton Moral from Ulysses, Kansas graduates Harvard Extension School 11 days after he graduated Ulysses High School this year. He took some courses online and others in the summer school on campus, and finished an undergraduate degree from Harvard in 6 years. Taiwan's teens (teenagers) or undergraduates can follow suit. 6/1/2019 (Saturday) 　 <英文總複習> 四川臥龍自然保護區森林裡 , 相機照到一隻全白紅眼野生大熊貓年約1至2歲, 這是舉世第一隻白熊貓. 世界野生動物基金會稱: 舉世野生熊貓少於 2,000隻. 四川野生熊貓逾8成, 其餘在陝西與甘肅; 人類飼養之熊貓約548隻. The image of a 1- to 2-year-old, all-white, red-eyed wild giant panda was captured on camera in Sichuan Wolong Nature Reserve; the albino (al-BAHY-noh)(British, al-BEE-noh) panda was trekking (traveling) through the forest. It’s believed to be the world’s first albino panda. The World Wildlife Fund has estimated that the number of the wild panda has dwindled (diminished gradually) to fewer than 2,000. Sichuan has more than 80% of the wild panda, with Shaanxi and Gansu having the rest. There were about 548 pandas in captivity as of November 2018. 5/28/2019 (Teusday) 　春秋時期管仲輔佐齊桓公治國稱霸容許官商勾結齊國經濟大興! 哈佛大學漢學家費正清(已故)不稱之為 collusion (官商勾結), 而稱之為 symbiosis (官商共生: 官有權商有能權能共生振興國家經濟官民雙贏也). 3/30/2019 (Sunday) Taipei 　腐敗 (corruption)是人類政治(公共事務)負面行為之總稱, 常見形式 (some common forms) 有: nepotism (舉用親屬), cronyism (舉用友人), collusion (官商勾結), venality (受賄), extortion (索賄), and fraud (詐欺)等. 帝制極權政治多個人腐敗 (individual corruption), 政黨則是舉世最腐敗之團體機構 (political parties are the most corrupt institution worldwide) (資料來源: Transparency International). 故曰: 政黨比皇帝更恐怖! 理由: 皇帝家天下政黨黨天下! 3/29/2019 (Friday) Taipei. 　美國華裔耶魯大學一年級學生陳巍(Nathan Chen) 已連續3次取得美國男單花式滑冰金牌 (U.S. men’s figure skating gold medal), 昨天又連續2次取得世界男單花式滑冰金牌, 其4次 4周轉身跳(4 quadruple jumps) (神注: 一般人只有3周轉身跳) 已破世界紀錄. 數十年來老美白人深信花式滑冰只有白人得金而瞧不起其他人種! 陳巍讓白人至上( white supremacy) 垮台了哈讚! 3/24/2019 (Sunday) Taipei 　今天是北半球 (Northern Hemisphere) 春分 (tshun hun) Spring Equinox (or Vernal Equinox), 3/21/2019 春季晝夜等長 (晝夜平分一天). 秋分 (tshiu hun) Autumnal Equinox 9/23/2019 也是晝夜等長但在秋季. 春分與秋分相隔 6個月, 分者晝夜平分一日24小時也! 3/21/2019 (Thursday) Taipei 　 <美國之音>(2019. 3.11.周一): CCP/PRC 高官之博士學歷造假極為普遍! 神農子曰: 英/美地區碩士學位之意義極為微小, 而博士教育之宗旨在於培育開發思想新知之專業學者, 引領人類文明向前邁進! 可惜華人讀博士學位旨在當高官, 確實走錯路, 浪費國家教育資源! 人類文明乃由專業學者引領, 而非政治人物! 專業學者憑新證據開發新知與新科技. 3/12/2019 孫中山逝世紀念日. 臺北市　 Concepts for economics & finance in 2019 review class: : microeconomics/macroeconomics, free market economy, recession/depression, inflation/deflation, gross domerstic product (GDP), consumer price index, Federal Reserve, Department of Treasury, foreign excvhange rate, heavy industries/light industries, capital-intenive industries/labor-intensive industries/knowledge-based industries, sole proprietorship/partnership/corporation (Inc.), international trade, mortgage loans/foreclosure/redemption, living trust/will, some business expenses. 2/27/2019 (Wednesday) TPE 　　我今年的財經英文課: 微觀/宏觀/自由市場等經濟學經濟不景氣/衰退通貨膨脹/緊縮國內生產總值消費者物價指數美國聯儲(準)會功能國家財政外匯匯率重/ 輕工業資本/勞力/知識等密集產業獨資/合夥/股有國際貿易抵押貸款/違約查封拍賣/贖回生前信託/遺囑生活各種費用等 30餘年前我應考美國加州藥師聯邦法/藥局財經學一個上午3小時, 未料今日為NTU學生做財經英文總複習哈讚! 2/26/2019 (Tuesday) TPE 　今(2019)年神農子醫/藥學院英文總複習課吸引到 NTU 外文系/法律系等4類外系學生同好來選修讚! 2/24/2019 (Sunday) 　臺大醫/藥學院中高階英文總複習課 2學分全校選修課第8th年, 上課地點: 林森南路台大藥學院 4樓 , 本周開始上課每周五 3:30pm-5:30pm, 神農子編輯英文講義 /授課, 西醫已證明永續學習有健康長壽之效歡迎免費旁聽! 2/19/2019 (Tuesday) 　人類正開始邁入長生不朽新紀元: 西醫有2種醫學有助於人類長生不朽: 抗老醫學 (Antiaging Medicine)(美國老人醫學界改稱長壽醫學 Longevity Medicine), 與再生醫學 (Regenerative Medicine). 抗老醫學認定人體細胞核內之每條染色體2端之端粒(telomeres)消失後 , 此細胞即不能再分裂 (稱為細胞老化)(reolicative senescence), 器官之老化細胞群使該器官致病; 抗老醫學企業家s正推出各種藥物配方做臨床試驗中以殺光生病器官內之老化細胞(senescent cells)來求長生不朽! 再生醫學則利用人體胚胎幹細胞 ( Human Embryonic Stem Cells) 先在實驗室內培養出器官之細胞前身 (organ cell precursors), 再植入有病之器官內以長成新器官. 抗老醫學旨在防病, 而再生醫學旨在利用幹細胞長成新器官而使老化器官消失! 抗老醫學可防病, 而再生醫學則以再生器官來治病! 2種醫學皆遵循上帝造人之自然過程求長生不朽讚! 2/13/2019 (Wednesday) 　 (Yahoo News 2/10/2019) FB 在舉世社交網站上獨霸全球. FB 在PRC 被禁約10年, 但PRC廣告商利用FB 向世界促銷商品, 使PRC成為2018年舉世第五大FB收益市場. FB全球廣告收入排名依次是 1st 美國, 2nd 俄國, 3rd 土耳其, 4th 加拿大, 5th PRC (2018年 PRC廣告商付FB廣告費約 50億至70億美元). (Yahoo News 2/10/2019) FB seems to have a monopoly on the social media network. FB has been banned in PRC since 2009, yet for 2018 PRC is the 5th largest market worldwide, behind 1st USA, 2nd Russia, 3rd Turkey, and 4th Canada. The 2018 FB’s revenue in PRC, approximately from 5 billion to 7 billion from PRC’s advertisers, who are resellers, is about 10% of the FB’s 2018 revenue. Note: A business revenue is the income after Federal tax. 2/11/2019 (Sun.) 　農曆 4716年(2019AD) 24節氣 ( 24 Solar Terms)供東亞農夫耕作參考用: (一年節氣始於商成於西漢. 英譯文出自 2016年聯合國教科文組織人類非物質文化遺產名錄 The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity). 立春 (河洛音 lip3 ts(h)un) Beginning of Spring, 2/4/19 表春季開始. 雨水 (i sui4) Rain Water, 2/19/19 春雨來臨. 驚蟄 (kiann tip5) Insects Awakening, 3/6/19 春雷驚醒冬眠動物. 春分 (tshun hun) Spring Equinox, 3/21/19 晝夜等長 (晝夜平分一天). 清明 (tshen beng2) Fresh Green, 4/5/19 景色明朗利於掃墓. 穀雨 (kok4 i4) Grain rain, 4/20/19 五穀雨水豐沛. 立夏( lip3 he5) Beginning of Summer, 5/6/19 夏季開始. 小滿 (siou buan4) Lesser Fullness, 5/21/19 夏熟穀粒開始飽滿. 芒種 (bong tseng3) Grain in Ear, 6/6/19 穀類有芒成熟. 夏至 (he3 tse5) Summer Solstice, 6/21/19 晝最長夜最短 (太陽在北迴歸線上). 小暑 (siou su4) Lesser Heat, 7/7/19 開始炎熱. 大暑 (tai3 su4) Greater Heat, 7/23/19 最熱 (待續). 2/7/2019 (Thursday) 　農曆 4716年(2019AD) 己亥年 24節氣 (24 Solar Terms)供東亞農夫耕作參考之用(續): 立秋 ( lip3 ts(h)iu) Beginning of Autumn, 8/8/2019 表秋季開始. 處暑 (tshu su4) End of Heat, 8/23/2019 表終止炎熱; 處止也. 白露 (pe3 lo3) White Dew, 9/8/2019 表露凝而白. 秋分 (tshiu hun) Autumnal Equinox, 9/23/2019 表晝夜等長 (晝夜平分一天). 寒露 (han lo3) Cold Dew, 10/8/2019 表露水寒冷霜降 (sng kan3) First Frost, 10/24/2019 表開始結霜立冬 ( lip3 tang) Beginning of Winter, 11/8/2019 表冬季開始. 小雪 (siou se5) Light Snow, 11/22/2019 表開始下雪. 大雪 (tai3 se5) Heavy Snow, 12/7/2019 表雪量大. 冬至 (tang tse5) Winter Solstice, 12/22/2019 表晝最短夜最長(太陽在南迴歸線上). 小寒 (siou han2) Lesser Cold, 1/6/2019 表開始冷. 大寒 (tai3 han2) Greater Cold 1/20/2019 表很冷. End. 2/7/2019 (Thursday) 　 (英文總複習6b) 超級美麗之動詞片語 (許松勇編著): to get in on/to listen in on/to barge in on/to muscle in on. To get in on 加入某活動或某團體 = to join or cause to join an activity or organization. PRC人開始使用照相(憑手紋)付款. PRC's started getting in on biometric payments.. to listen in on 偷聽 = to overhear a conversation or communication by telephone; to eavesdrop. iPhone 可讓你偷聽到對方回話前說的話. iPhone Face Time bug lets you listen in on someone you call before they answer. to barge in on 闖入; 打斷他人正在做之事 = to break in on; to intrude on. 她未敲門闖入我在的浴室. She barged in on me without knocking when I was in the bathroom. to muscle in on 強行做某事 = to force one’s way into a situation where theyare not welcome in order to gain some advantages for themselves. 他暗地裡在老闆面前傷害我, 想搶我職位. He undermined me to the boss – he has been trying to muscle in on my job. 2/1/19 (Fri.) 　 (英文總複習6a) 超級美麗之動詞片語(許松勇編著): to cash in on/to weigh in on/to zero in on/to dig in on. to cash in on利用 = to profit from; to use to one’s advantage. 騙徒利用一般人容易相信別人來行騙 Swindlers cash in on the credulity of the public. to weigh in on 提出意見參與討論 = to offer an opinion in a forceful way as a participant. 二位政治專家提出己見討論如何讓美國氣候法成形 Two political experts weigh in on how a US climate law could take shape to zero in on槍瞄準目標; 注意力集中於 = to bring a weapon to bear on a target; to bring one’s attention to bear on a problem, etc.; to converge on. 警察目標對準犯罪現場 The police zeroed in on the site of the crime. 國會民主黨議員當下目標對準財政部長 Congressional Democrats are zeroing in on Secretary Steven Mnuchin. to dig in on 捍衛自己立場不退讓 = to entrench (defend) oneself firmly. 川普捍衛美墨邊境築牆之立場 Trump digs in on his border wall policy. 1/31/19 (Thu.) 　孫中山三民主義 (Three Principles of the People by Dr. Sun Yatsen): 民權主義不承認天賦人權 (human rights), 主張人民有權(民權 civil rights or political rights), 主張各省地方自治(self-governance or autonomy)). 神注: 華人有責任實踐孟子理念: 民為貴社稷次之君為輕; 此即人民 > 政府(社稷) > 執政黨(君), 理由是人民納稅養全國各級公務員 (含國家主席/總統, etc.), 有直接權力決定誰來治國! 中華文明從家天下變成黨天下乃華人之悲哀, 必須廢除! 成事之統治者必留名青史. 以上天下華人可以不同意, 理由是: 我只有1票哈! 1/29/2019 (Tuesday). 　 (英文總複習5) 各種費用(許松勇編著): 金錢報酬英文字pay/wage/wages/salary/stipend. 薪金 pay (a general term), 工資 wage (manual work at an hourly, daily rate), 定期工資 wages (cumulative wage at regular intervals), 年薪 salary ( a fixed, periodic payment for regular work on a yearly basis), 專業薪資 stipend (a professional salary/a salary for special services), 津貼 stipend (a grant for scholarly work). 例: 薪水每年增加 His pay went up every year.(general term). 時薪 An hourly wage. 周薪 A weekly wages. 年薪每月支付 An annual salary paid in 12 equal monthly installments. 每年顧問費 An annual stipend for work as a consultant. 生活津貼 A stipend to cover living expenses. 1/19/2019 (Sat.) 　 (英文總複習4) 各種費用(許松勇編著)(續): 費用(通用字): charge/price/cost/expense/expenditure. 入場費 admission fee, price, charge/entrance fee. (河洛語 jip tiunn hui3). 海水公園入場卷/國家公園入場卷 Admission fee to a beech water park/entrance fee to a national park. 水電瓦斯費 utilities expense (河洛語 tsui tian gasu4 hui3). Utilities expense is the costs of water, electricity, and gas (for heating). 戲院票價 theater ticket price (河洛語 hi4 inn p(h)iou4 ke3). 電影票/舞台劇票/脫口秀票 Movie (cinema) theater ticket price/drama tickets or theater tickets/talk show tickets. 營業費 overhead (or overhead costs) (河洛語 eng giap3 hui3).營業費指商業營運之間接費用(會計費/律師費/水電/房租/保險等). Overhead is all non-labor or indirect expenses or burden cost (accounting and legal expenses, rent, utilities, insurance), which cannot be directly attributed to any specific business product, or service.1/18/19 (Fri.) 　 (英文總複習 3) 各種費用(許松勇編著)(續): 專業費 professional fee (河洛語 tsuan giap3 hui3): 律師費/醫師費等 attorney’s fee or lawyer’s fee/doctor’s fee , etc. (河洛語 lut3 su hui3/I su hui3.) 農村律師費每小時約美金100至200元, 都市貴些. .The attorney’s fee in the rural areas is in the range of $100 to $200 an hour, in major metropolitan areas, it will cost more. 申請費 application fee (河洛語 sin ts(h)ing hui3). 申請大學入學必須付申請費. You’ll have to pay college application fee when applying for admission in America. 學雜費 tuition and fees (河洛語 hak3 hui3). 他在美國每年付美金50,000元學雜費 He pays USD50,000 a year for tuition and fees in the U.S. 12/30/2018 (Sun.) L.A. 　 (英文總複習 2) 各種費用(許松勇編著)(續): premium/fare/freight/fee/toll/overhead/charge/price/ticket/cost/ expense. 過路費 road toll (河洛語 kue4 lo3 hui3), 過高架橋費 high bridge toll (河洛語 kue4 kou ke4 kiou2 hui3), 過隧道費 tunnel toll (河洛語 kue4 pong3 k(h)ang hui3), 長途電話費 toll (or toll charge) for a long-distance telephone call (河洛語 tng to2 tian3 ue3 hui3), 免費長途電話 toll-free long-distance telephone call (河洛語bian hui3 ---), 收費路 a toll road (河洛語 siu hui4 lo5), 收費橋 a toll bridge (河洛語 siu hui4 kiou2), 收費電話 a pay phone, 收費廁所 a pay toilet..免費電話號碼 toll-free telephone number (河洛語 bian hui3 tian3 ue3 hou3 be4). 12/29/2018 (Sat.) L.A. 　 (英文總複習 1) 各種費用(許松勇編著): premium/fare/freight/fee/toll/overhead/charge/price/ticket/cost/expense or expenditure. 保險費premium (of insurance), 河洛語pou hiam hui3 壽險年費分12個月付清. An annual premium of life insurance is paid in 12 monthly installments. 交通費 fare, 河洛語 kau t(h)ong hui3: 公車費/機票/船票/火車票 bus fare/airfare or airline fare/cruise fare/train fare or rail fare or train ticket 貨運費 freight (or freight rate), 河洛語 hue4 un3 hui3; 貨物 cargo, 河洛語 hue4 but5: 卡車火車輪船或飛機的貨運費 Freight of cargo by truck, train, ship, or aircraft.. (待續) 12/27/18 (Thu.) L.A. 　 3民主議統一中國: 呼籲KMT開始規劃執行3民主義中之民權主義(CCP已完成了民族主義與民生主義, 獨缺民權主義): 公民享有選舉權(含選舉內閣官員/各級法院法官)(the right to elect and be elected to the state cabinet and judiciary) 罷免權(the right to recall state and local officials and judges) 創制權 (the right to create initiatives to make new laws) 與複決權(the right to repeal laws passed by legislators立法委員); 臺灣獨立自治(地方自治)後, 以聯邦民主制統一中國(不是被共產主義統一). 1960年, 我取得ROC教育部部長梅貽琦 3民主義成績優異獎至今, 將近1甲子60年, PRC尚無民權主義, ROC民主制也尚未成長, 醒醒吧 KMT政治人物! 勿忘偉大的3民主義! 11/26/18 (Mon.) L. A. 　 1911年(今2018年) 加利福尼亞國/邦/州開始有 “公投立法”, 人民寫法案(公投案)(initiatives) 送交全州公投(general election), 通過後成為法律(laws), 未通過則作廢; 加州另有”公投” (referendum), 由公民投票通過或廢除議會所立之法律; initiative 與referendum 美國通稱為 “直接民主制”(direct democracy). ROC 9合1大選, 公投案 "同婚法” 不通過, 中央政府明言公投無法律效力, 政府仍執意立同婚法律! 執政黨對外又說臺灣民主制成熟! 神農子曰: 此乃臺式民主制! ROC仍無 Direct democracy! 政府勿隨便欺騙人民! 11/25/18 (Sun.) L. A. 　人類老化因素總檢討(reviews)(3): 在西醫治療學中, 藥物治療是主流, 雖然許多外行華人抹黑西藥, 但西藥之功不可沒! 過去西醫有2個紀元: 第1是傳染病與抗生素紀元, 第2是慢性病與西藥爆炸紀元(高血壓/糖尿病/動脈硬化/骨質疏鬆症/關節炎/癌症etc.)-西藥工業成為美國第4大企業, 現在西醫正進入第3紀元: 抗老延壽紀元(era of prolonging healthspan and lifespan). 美國抗老化研究 (antiaging research) 已經確定: 1個器官內正常細胞變成老化細胞(senescent cells)後, 老化細胞數目1多, 即可引起該器官之慢性病! 只要用抗老藥物(senolytics)宰掉1/3老化細胞, 即可恢復器官功能, 創造無病之老化生命(healthy aging)而延長健康生命(healthspan)與壽命(lifespan) , 小老鼠試驗已證實此項抗老延壽理念, 今(2018)年正進入人類臨床試驗以取得第1件抗老延壽西藥執照. 時下美國有100家西藥企業正埋頭研發抗老延壽西藥! 偉哉11/24/2018 (Sat.) L. A. 　人類老化因素總檢討(reviews)(2): 人類生活在大千世界裏, 有些生活方式(lifestyles)促進細胞老化(縮短染色體端粒長度telomere length)而有害健康長壽, 例如高動物油(飽和油)食物/油炸食物/加工肉類/含糖飲料/肥胖症(高BMI) /吸菸/空氣汙染(含廟裡燒香煙霧)/不運動不勞動/睡眠不足6小時/感覺生活壓力高/憂鬱症/高血壓等, 也有些因素延緩細胞老化(增長染色體端粒長度)而有利於健康長壽, 例如全穀類食物/豆類食物/硬殼種子食物/蔬果食物/限熱量高碳水化合物低蛋白食物/素食-yoga紓壓-走路-群體操練等4合1/喝咖啡/每日攝食足量Vit. D3/中度運動/較低健康BMI值(20-21)睡眠7hr.以上/有社交生活/少喝酒/1生有工作等. 當今人類若飲食無忌, 將因細胞老化活到90歲上下, 若能順從自然之道, 則將1生無病, 成為百歲人瑞(centenarians) 在生命最後3-5個月細胞之生物化學反應突然崩潰而往生. 稱為 “病痛之終點壓縮”(compression of morbidity into a shorter period of time toward the end of life), 即病痛延遲至生命終點才發生, 而且病痛期從數年縮短至數月(reduction and postponement of cellular functional decline or impairment prior to death). 11/23/2018 (Friday) L. A. 　美國2016年總人口3.234億人, 有百歲人瑞81.896人, 合每 4,038人口有1位百歲人瑞; 臺灣2017年總人口2,300萬人, 有百歲人瑞3,224人, 合每 7,143人口有1位百歲人瑞; 美國百歲人瑞是臺灣之1.79倍!. 這是說麥當勞等速食對長壽無害! 哈! 速食有害之言論自由很恐怖! America had 81,896 centenarians in 2016, or 1 centenarian in 4,038 citizens. Taiwan had 3,224 centenarians in 2017, or 1 centenarian in 7,143 citizens. America had 1.79 times as many centenarians as Taiwan did. This simply means that fast food served in McDonald’s, or the like, doesn’t seem to have a horrific, negative effect on longevity of people. 11/14/2018 (Tue.) L. A. 　 to bend (vt), bend (vi), be bent(adj.) on something or doing something: 壓彎: 把管子壓彎。 He b ends the pipe from straight to curved. 拉直: 把彎條拉直。 He bendshe crooked bar straight again. 拉弓: He bends a bow. He bends the string of a bow. 變彎: 大雪壓彎群樹。Trees are bending under the weight of heavy snow. 轉彎: 岩石後方海岸線彎向西方。Beyond the rocks, the costline bends west. 彎腰: 他走路駝背。He bends as he walks. 他蹲下撿起書本。He bends over and picks up the book. 決心(做某事): 她似決心斷絕關係。 She seems bent on destroying their relationship. seems very determined to do something). He is bent on getting married as soon as possible. is very determined to get married). 　 to bend (vi) to: 鞠躬: 國民向皇后鞠躬致敬。All citizens bend to the queen. to bow to, submit to, yield to in submission or reverence)。導入: 他投入他的工作。He bends to his work. 彎向: 此路彎向南方。 The road bends towards the south. to turn in a particular direction). 傾向於: 她一直傾向於自己的品味。She always bends towards her own tastes. to incline to, lean to, tend to). 屈身使力: 水手彎腰用力滑槳。Sailors are bending to the oars. to work vigorously) 　 to bend (vt.) to: 使--- 順從: 她迫我聽她的。She bends me to her will. to make submissive). 導入: 他們投入手邊的工作 ) They bend themselves to the work at hand. to direct). 規定: 協會規定會員必須依協會之需要作事。Society bends its members to work in conformity with its needs. to constrain). 使--- 順從: 殖民政府強迫原住民守新法律。The colonial power bends the natiives to the new law. to make submissive). 導入: 我們投入該工作。We bend our efforts to the task. to direct). 導入: 我投入新書的寫作。I bend my energies to writing a new book. 綁: 把短繩綁到長繩。He bends a short rope to a long one. to fasten). 使--- 傾向於: 他們傾向衷心於佛教的永生觀念。They bend their minds to the Buddhist's concept of eternity. to incline). 使--- 傾向於: 他傾向於回顧其童年。He bent his thoughts back towards his. childhood. to incline mentally). 10/9/2018The Eastern and Western civilizations are different by nature. It'd be unpragmatic for either one to try to have the other follow its ways of life. Peaceful co美國NIH (國立健康研究院)已在白鼠身上找到老化成因, 也找到延壽防病藥方, 刻正進行人體臨床試驗, 決定人類安全劑量, 活過120歲, 也延長無病期! 藥方有效成分之1是檞皮素(quercetin), 蘋果/洋蔥含此抗氧化劑. 慢性疾病/癌症化療/癌症放射療法等產生老化細胞, 老化細胞分泌數種蛋白質促成鄰近正常細胞老化, 老化細胞不分裂也不死亡, 但引起器官機能障礙而病亡! 藥方能清除全部老化細胞. NIH scientists presented on 7/9/18 the mechanism of the aging process (i.e. senescence) and the senolytic combo that increased both life span and health span of the aging mice. Chronic diseases, radiation, & chemotherapy produce senescent cells, which secrete several proteins to turn neighboring normal cells into senescent cells, and cause physical dysfunctions and death. The senolytic combination, dasatinib (anti-leukemia agent) and quercetin (antioxidant in fruits and vegetables) eliminate all senescent cells. Clinical trials are underway to determine the safe & effective doses for the human use. 9/28/2018 (Fri.) Taipei. existence without being hegemonic in one way or another in managing the world. affairs will help erect a trouble-free world. In many years to come, it'd be hard for either party to become an all-out global hegemon without winning a new world war. 10/7/2018 　老化細胞 (senescent cells), 老化 (senescence), 抗老化藥 (senolytic agents), 人類壽命 (life span of humans = 120歲), 人類壽命期望值 (life expectancy of people 因地而異), 健康期或無病期 (health span) 　神農子釋道: 依老子<道德經>, 道即自然, Dao is Nature (the universal law, or the universal way). 英國(UK) 創立尖端科學月刊 <Nature>, 刊登學者以證據立言之尖端科學理念(evidence-based new natural law). 美國(America)立國後, 取代英國成為世界創新科學中心, 創立尖端科學月刊 <Science>. 舉世學者繼續將有證據之自然科學尖端新觀念刊登於此2本月刊! 近3,000年前, 老子即能參透自然有道, 確實厲害! 神農子建議: CCP/PRC必須創立尖端科學月刊 <道Dao>, 引領人類科技文明繼續向前邁進! 其對人類之貢獻遠遠超越Marxism! 9/28/2018 (Friday) Taipei. 教師節　 Lao2zi3’s <Dao4 De2 Jing> (老子道德經): “Man follows the earth (人法地), the earth follows the celestial empire (地法天), the celestial empire follows the universal way (dao) (天法道), dao follows the nature (道法自然).” In summary, dao is nature (道即自然), from which science and technology are derived (科技生焉). Whoever follows the nature will survive and prosper (順道者昌), and whoever strays from it (or goes against it) will succumb and perish (逆道者亡). 9/26/2018 (Wednesday) Taipei. 　百歲人瑞的第1項健康生活習慣: 健康飲食. 核心觀念1: 長期少吃得少吃的病, 長期多吃得多吃的病, 各項驗血結果皆須不少不多才能無病. 祝你一生無病! The 1st healthy lifestyle of a centenarian: healthy diet. Key concept 1: either the long-term (chronic) undereating or overeating leads to various diseases; clinical laboratory reports must be within the healthy range, which means each reported lab result is no less or no more than the healthy requirements. Wish you a disease-free lifetime. 9/23/2018 (Sunday) Taipei. 　 50餘年前美國聯邦政府出$ 讓我完成 Ph. D.2個專長 (神經電生理與抗憂鬱藥理), 我欠美國, 多於欠 ROC! 我一直在思索如何還! America financially supported me throughout the course of the pursuit of my doctoral degree in Ole Miss graduate school with double majors in neuroelectrophysiology and pharmacology, and I always feel I owe America more than I do ROC in the education I received. I’ve constantly thought about what I should do to America in return. 9/12/2018 (Wednesday) Taipei. 　美國今年最棒大學前3名有6所: 普林斯頓(1ST), 哈佛(2nd), 耶魯(3rd), 麻省理工學院(3rd), 哥倫比亞(3rd), 芝加哥(3rd)等私立大學! 年學雜費美金$47,000 - $57,000, 大學部學生總人數5,400–6,710人, 學生畢業率 93%-97%. 但這些名校卻也是籍籍無名之校: 無藥學院(培育開發新藥高端人才). 開發新藥是美國第1大企業! U.S. News & World Report 9/10/2018) America’s 6 best universities for 2017-2018: 1st Princeton U. (tuition/fees $47,140, total undergrad. enrollment 5,400, graduation rate 97%) , 2nd Harvard U. ($48,949, 6,710, 96%), 3rd Yale U. ($51,400, 5,472, 97%), 3rd (tie) MIT ($49,892, 4,524, 94%), 3rd (tie) Columbia U. ($57,208, 6,113, 96%), 3rd (tie) U. of Chicago ($54,825, 5,941, 93%). 八(t) t 　由50國(50 states)組成之 “美利堅合眾國” (the United States of America)雖明示 3權分立/相互制衡, 其實, 是司法權至上, 最高法院大法官(Justices of the Supreme Court)多數決說了算! 司法指主持正義 (to administer justice), 執法 (to enforce law)指公務員/警察等依法行政, 執行法律也. America proclaims separation and check-and-balance of 3 federal powers, namely, the executive, legislative, and judicial. In practice, however, the judiciary (supreme court justices) can override the decision made by the administration (the president), or the legislature (Congress) and stands on top. The judiciary (federal courts) administers justice, and the administration/police enforce law. 9/9/2018 (Sunday) Taipei. 　本貼文英文字頗深: 行政權(力)the executive power, 立法權 the legislative power, 司法權 the judicial power, 聯邦政府 the administration, 立法部門 the legislature (指國會 congress), 司法部門 the judiciary (指聯邦各級法院 federal courts), 司法 administering justice, 執法 law enforcement, 3權分立 three branches of federal government, 相互制衡 check and balance. 美國聯邦政府(由50個獨立之邦所組成, 各邦有自己的憲法, 故美國公民皆擁有雙重國籍 dual citizenship). 　 “白人至上(white supremacy)”(即白人最優秀)有其堅強之理性基礎: 美國白人舉世國家經濟(national economy)第1, 舉世科技(science and technology)第1, 舉世人際誠信(integrity)第1. 現在中華民族追求偉大復興, 稱霸世界, 必須完成上述3個第1. 但從周國孔子<論語>滿篇辱罵小人起, 至今美國白人詆毀CCP/PRC人說1套做1套(say one thing but do another)止, 華人誠信不足歷經數千年未除, 習近平之大業, 必須樹立CCP/PRC人之誠信, 東方文明才有望再度超越西方文明! 人際誠信乃人類文明之至高標竿! 華人(CCP/PRC人)不如白人? 等待時間分解吧! 8/22/2018 (Wednesday) Taipei. 　 Factual evidence for the conception that human/national economy hinges on women’s lives: first of all, they learn to make themselves healthy great beauties; secondly, they dedicate their lives to men’s ones; thirdly, they commit their lives to the birth, raise and education of their kids; in their lifetime, they play a central role in creating/maintaining a nation’s population that supports national economy. In short, men are a weak species that only plays a peripheral part. PRC mulls a heavier role for each of most of its women citizens to have 3 kids, bravo! 8/16/2018 (Thursday) Taipei 　 (BBC News, UK, 7/25/18) 義大利科學家使用穿地雷達(ground-penetrating radar) 首次探測到火星南極冰層(south polar ice cap)之下, 有12英里(20公里)寬大湖水, 適合地球生物(terrestrial organisms)生存! 讚! 　 PRC社會主義絕非USA個人資本主義對手: 美國無國營企業, 私人西藥企業高科技舉世第一, 賺$能力舉世稱霸, 但PRC國營企業長春長生生技公司之狂犬病疫苗卻造假, 已售出250,000假疫苗! 美國之音曰: 疫苗生產成本只占20%, 銷售成本卻占60%, 國營幹部分贓! 受害人是PRC幼童, 人民納稅養貪官, 慘哉! 神農子曰: 科技業不適用社會主義! Socialism is unfit for high-tech pharmaceutical industry, America, which practices free capitalism, leads the world’s pharmaceutical innovation and profits. The Changchun Changsheng Bio-Tech Company provided for 250,000 counterfeit rabies vaccines, some of which were injected but failed to save rabies victims in children. 7/26/18 Taipei 　朱家大明河洛漢語帝國: 科技文明超越歐洲300年(西方漢學家證實). 愛新覺羅大清國語普通話帝國: 歧視漢文明/鎖國200年引來百年國恥. CCP(中共): 引來馬克思與簡體漢字, 無助於中國復興. 漢文明復興唯一途徑: 專注於科學與技術創新, 才有望取代America, 成為全球科技創新中心. The only way for CCP to reinvent China is to focus on technological development and become the global center of science and innovation; China's Renaissance has nothing to do with Marxism and simplification of Han scripts. 6/8/2018 (Friday) Taipei 　 4/20/2018 (Friday) NTU英文總複習課 Words for time: There will be a moratorium on the research project. 研究計劃案將暫停(暫停moratorium句型). There has been an 8-year hiatus since the last economic talk between the two countries. 離上次經濟會談已停了8年(暫停hiatus句型). It has been a stint of 5 years since I started the project. 這企劃案已搞了5年(時段stint句型). His instantaneous response to my remark surprised me. 他對我所言的瞬間反應讓我驚訝(瞬間instantaneous句型). The dancers’ synchronous movements are marvelous. 舞群的同步舞步帥極了(同步synchronous句型). It’s the best novel I’ve read to date.至今我讀過的最佳小說(至今to date句型). It appears that the US-China trade war is looming.看來美中貿易戰即將開打 (即將looming句型). He had a fit of epilepsy a while ago.不久前癲癇一陣發作(一陣a fit of句型). 　 4/13/2018 (Friday) NTU英文總複習課 Words for quantity. He made diversified investments and made some money. 做 ’各種不同’投資賺到錢(diversified句型). He gave me profuse compliments. 他恭維我個’不停’ (profuse句型). He gave me profuse apologies. 他道歉個’不停’ (profuse句型). The universe isn’t infinite. 宇宙並非’無限’(宇宙有界限)(infinite 句型). Leadership is a multileveled and multifaceted position. 領導是多階層與’多方面的’職位(multifaceted句型). There are multitudinous mosquitoes at night in summer. 夏夜蚊子’多’(multitudinous句型). He has a string of girlfriends.帥哥女友’多’(a string of句型). There are myriads of happenings everyday. 每天發生的事’多’(myriads of句型). I have a mountain of work to do. 工作’堆積如山’(a mountain of句型). He published a series of novels.他發表了’一系列’小說(a series of句型). He filed a stream of complaints. 他提出’許多’抱怨.(a stream of句型). 　 '許多' 英文字 : 至少有36個可選用! 各位可懂幾個? 我是讀來的, 不是抄自他人的收集! a number of/a group of/a series of/a set of/a company of/a wealth of/a ton of/a collection of/a column of/a sequence of/a succession of/ a handful of/ a bunch of/a bulk of/a chunk of /a mountain of/a large body of/a cadre of/a file of/a legion of/a volley of/a tally of/an array of/a string of/a plethora of/a slew of/a myriad of/myriads of/a flurry of/a bevy of/a score of/scores of/a lot of/lots of/a host of/a batch of, a raft of, a conglomerate of. 　 ‘許多’ 英文字(1): a string of (一串, 一隊, 一排, 連續) String (n)(string): a cord (線狀物) larger than a thread (細線) and smaller than a rope (繩子). Examples: a string of onions, fish(= a group of objects threaded on a string) 一串洋蔥/魚. a string of pearls, beads 一串珠子. a string of newspapers 一疊報紙. a string of people(= a column of persons moving in a single file)一排人. a string of cars(= a series of things arranged in a line)一排汽車. There is a long string of cars waiting at a red light.一長串汽車在等紅綠燈(注意: string用單數動詞 is). a string of words, symbols(= a sequence of like items) 一串語言/符號. He uttered a string of words that don't make sense. 胡言亂語一番. a string of stores along the street(= a group of business properties spread out geographically) 一排建物. a string of successes(= a succession of) 一連串的成功1/17/2018 (Wed.) L. A. 　川普以高關稅啟動制中(containment of China)機制: 美聯社(AP)稱, 川普以貿易戰直擊習近平中國復興藍圖之心臟(direct strike at the heart of China’s state-led blueprint for prosperity and restoring the nation's greatness), 但必遭PRC強烈反抗(China’s intense resistance). 習早已明言不服西方設立之WTO貿易規則, 要領導世界重設貿易新制, 公開與西方貿易制度對立! 川普更以台灣牌/南海軍演制中. 關鍵問題是: 美國沒$, 總統4年一任, 制中力道不足, 而且習可終身連任, 完成中國夢之大業, 但一路走來將更加艱辛! 4/10/2018 (Tuesday) Taipei 　紐約時報曰: 今(2018)年有79位反川普女性民主黨人(anti-Trump female Democrats) 要出來選州長; 自2016年起反川普女性民主黨眾議員候選人(female Democratic candidates for the House of Representatives) 增加350%. 美國參議院多數黨(共和黨)領袖Mitch McConnell對紐約時報曰: 今年11月期中選舉(midterm elections) 參眾2院選新議員共和黨都會輸(We will lose seats in the House and the Senate), 因為共和黨選前募款遠不如民主黨人(GOP's fundraising gap ahead of the elections)!. 神農子曰: 川普有$好色自競選總統之日起至今性侵美人官司未斷, 而且普遍被批無知, 我看他會害慘了共和黨! 不過美國有一批華人在媒體上專罵PRC不對! 4/6/2018 (Friday) Taipei 　 3/31/2018 (Sat.) NTU英文總複習課(補課)Words for cause and effect (II). His great pleasure derives from blocking our proposal. 他擋了我們的提案很樂 (果來自因 to derive from). Your rights derive from your citizenship.. 你的權力出自你的國籍 (同上). Social unrest stems from the bad national economy. 社會不安源於全國經濟欠佳(果源自因 to stem from). His great success stems from hard work.他成大功來自勤奮(同上). My teacher imputed my clumsiness to inexperience. 我老師把我的笨拙歸因於無經驗 (歸因於to impute to) He imputed the fault to me. 他歸咎於我 (同上). He ascribed his failure to his bad luck. 他失敗歸因於運氣不好 (歸因於 to ascribe to). He ascribed his success to his good luck. 他成功歸因於運氣好 (同上). Tax cuts translate to bigger savings. 減稅等於多積蓄 (等於/導致 to translate to). The growth in income translates into greater purchasing power. 收入增加等於購買力增加 (同上) 　 3/30/2018 (Friday) NTU英文總複習課 Words for cause and effect (I). Reward is an inducement to effort. 獎賞是努力的誘因 (誘因inducement to)(名詞). There is little inducement for them to work harder. 他們無更賣力的誘因(誘因inducement to do sg) (名詞). What is his motivation for working harder? 他更賣力動機何在? (動機motivation for) (名詞). I fell asleep, for I was tired. 我睡著了, 因為我累了. (因為for ) (連接詞). She was fortunate in that she had someone to help her. 她幸運因為有人幫她. (因為 in that ---) (連接詞). a dispute over wages. 因工資爭吵(因為 over) (介係詞). He is embittered over his fate. 因為厄運叫苦. (因為 over) (介係詞). success due to hard work. 因賣力而成功 (因為 due to) (形容詞). success attributable to hard work. 因賣力而成功 (歸因於 attributable to) (形容詞). The battle ended in a victory. 戰到最後得勝, (結局是 to end in) (動詞). All his lifetime efforts culminated in total victory. 打拼一輩子結局全勝.(結局是 to culminate in ) (動詞) 　西方媒體曰: PRC正在進行(is embarking on)現代史上最大經濟試驗(the biggest economic experiment in modern history), 習近平廢除PRC元首任期制, 同時將PRC(世界最大市場) 整合入全球經濟體系中, 這2件事同時並進, 是變更戰略, 為完成PRC在全球經濟體系中重新定位的浩大工程(to reposition China’s role within the global economy), 構成對西方經濟的挑戰, 這是經濟學家觀點; 舉世華人知識分子觀點迥異, 幾乎同聲說習近平獨裁專制中華史上前所未有, 物極必反, PRC大災難即將到來! My God, 華人知識分子的知識在何處? 神農子曰: wait and see, and it will take quite some time to see the outcome! 3/27/2018 (Tuesday) Taipei 　白人至上(白人最優秀)(white supremacy)已被打破: 華裔美國人陳巍(Nathan Chen)(18歲, 住Salt Lake, Utah, 父廣西人, 母北京人)在今2018年南韓冬季奧運會雖因失誤未獲金牌, 但創下男性個人花式6次騰空轉4圈(6 quadruple jumps) 奧運紀錄, 日前更獲得世界大賽金牌(men’s world figure skating gold medalist); 十多年前華裔美人關穎珊也獲得女生花式滑冰世界金牌; 華裔美人/帥哥先後打破數十年來美國媒體白人至上的傲慢言語(男女花式滑冰美國/世界金牌多數由美國白人取得). 學界早已證實: 個人成就 = 先天天資(約占一半) + 後天環境(約占另一半), 天資與環境(培訓等)互補, 缺一不可, 為人父母者宜努力發現子女天資, 再加以開發, 必有大成! 沒有天資花$開發無用! 3/26/2018 (Monday) Taipei 　神農子的魅力: 每年晚間, 我在北市東區地下街喝咖啡, 總有幾位1-2歲幼童主動走過來跟我示好, 離去時還主動道聲bye bye! 這讓我確信我很有天然魅力, 哈! 東方人的母愛無限! The love an Eastern mother gives her kid(s) lasts for her lifetime and is unmeasurable! 3/25/2018 (Sunday) Taipei 　 3/23/2018 (Friday) NTU英文總複習課 Sentence patterns(II)五種句型舉例. I helped organize the association 我協助成立該協會 (to help 句型). I watch you let him help her make her baby stop crying. (to watch, let, help, make, stop 句型) Rumor has it that he jumped to his death. 謠言曰, 他跳樓自決 (something has it that句型). Old saying has it that a good start is halfway to success. 俗語說好的開始是成功的一半(sg has it that句型) It won’t be long before he comes. 他馬上來 (it---before--- 句型). It had been long before he did it. 他拖了很久才做 (it---before--- 句型) It is necessary that he come (不是comes) right away. 他必須馬上來 (it is necessary that句型). It is important that he repay (不是 repays) the money 很重要他必須還錢 (it is important that句型) It seems that it is about to rain. 好像要下雨了 (it seems that 句型). It appeared that he did not do it. 好像不是他做的 (it appeared that句型) 　神農子的主張(1): 1妻多夫制(polyandry): 天下美人性機能旺盛者, 帥哥天生皆弱者, 非其對手, 1妻多夫順乎自然,此乃母系社會神州大地雲貴高原行之有數千年; 1夫多妻制(polygyny): 帥哥有財多娶幾個美人多生幾個後代教育無問題繁榮社會其功偉哉, 神州大地已行之數千年; 1夫1妻制(monogamy)(美式民主制): 統治者設此制度便利管控稅收並立法定重婚(bigamy) 有罪, 違反自然, 也是單親子女主因. 也是東西文明基本衝突之1. 神農子曰: 人生在世共存共榮乃最高自然原則, 想想看這是老莊哲思嗎?! 哈! 3/22/2018 (Thursday) Taipei, 　綜合西方媒體報導: 習近平全票(2,970票)當選第2任PRC主席(President)掌聲雷動持久, 王岐山高票(2,969票)當選PRC副主席(Vice-President)有一票可能是他未投給自己; 全國人大會(National People’s Congress)修憲廢除PRC主席/副主席2任期之限制, 通過PRC法治制度(rule of law), 通過設置PRC監察委員會(National Supervisory Commission)(與國務院/中央軍委會平行)(State Council/Central Military Commission), 通過裁減國務院編制(從35部縮減成27部), 通過惠台措施(ROC公民享有PRC公民權); 西方媒體強調, 習近平將黨權移入PRC政權, 而以國(政權)治國(to rule China through the state, not the party), 並以王岐山為政府副主席; 深得美國官/商好評, 王岐山被說成是PRC稀有(rare)之資深專家高官, 非常能幹(very capable), 其誠懇談判模式(frank style of negotiating)很受中美雙方信任與歡迎(he has major credibility in both Beijing and Washington)(正面評論有一部分來自 The Washington Post華盛頓郵報), 神農子曰: 習近平改造PRC政府, 而以國家政權治國, 前景看好之機率大! 3/18/2018 (Sunday) Taipei 　 3/16/2018 (Friday) Sentence patterns (I) NTU英文總複習課：五種句型舉例(必須依句型造句) It’s seemly of President Xi to have the presidential term limits repealed. 習主席廢除任期限制無不妥 (seemly of 句型). It’s unseemly of him to be absent from the gathering. 他沒來是有不妥 (unseemly of 句型) His article feels fragmented. 他的文章支離破碎. The city feels vibrant. 此城市有活力 (to feel 句型). She’s beautiful albeit old.　她雖老猶美 He promised to help, albeit reluctantly. 他答應幫忙　雖然不情願 (albeit 句型) Happy as they were, there was something missing. 雖快樂總覺得缺了甚麼. Questionable as it may be, we will proceed.雖有疑問　還是要做 (as 句型) Less of your noise please! 不要吵! (less 是noun). But there is less of an excuse for your absence 你沒有藉口缺席! (less of 句型) 　中國必須先富強, 再自創民主制: 東方(中國)傳統文明正讓中國以破世界紀錄之速度富強起來, 簡稱為中國之復興(China’s reinvention, resurgence, renaissance, etc.), 由於中國復興之規模遠大於歷史上之中華帝國(Imperial China), 故必須給習大大機會完成任務, 中國復興成了舉世第一強權後, 記住中國不能欺負(to bully)美國, 理由有2: 中國百年國恥期間列強中只有美國善待中國, 而且50年來美國花很多$ 教育台灣與大陸的大學畢業生使其成為佔人口少數之專業人才! 老美(白人)素質舉世最優, 歸功於全國教會, 但老美政客卻遜於東方明君與賢臣! 東西文明有基本差異, 只能和平共存, 彼此無權改變對方! 川普(白宮)不評論習大大修憲延長任期之舉, 高竿! 3/15/2018 (Thursday ) Taipei 　綜合西方媒體報導: PRC正以閃電速度 (lightening-speed)發展數位科技(digital technology), 國家以舉世最快速度成長, 發展之快速破世界人類紀錄. The World’s Billionaires 2018-Forbes (富比士十億富豪排行榜): PRC已有442 members 上榜, 暫居世界第2 (美國有585人 , 舉世第一), PRC第一巨富 Tencent騰訊老闆馬化騰 Ma Huateng, 財富值美金$45.3 billion (453億美元) 舉世17th 名; PRC 2nd巨富 Alibaba 老闆馬雲 Jack Ma, 財富值美金$39 billion (390億美元), 舉世20th名; 百度老闆李彥宏 Robin Li 也上榜; PRC 汽車工業上榜者超過12人; 老外預估2030年之前 PRC 經濟將超越美國, 舉世稱霸, 美國媒體說,PRC 民間私人資本與私人才華促使PRC富有, 獲得PRC政府的敬重! 3/12/2018 (Monday) Taipei 　神農子的主張: 國家政體公司化, 無政黨(無1黨專政no single-party rule/無政黨輪替/政黨是西方產物, 謀取私利比皇權政體還厲害, 因為政黨比皇室大很多)/無革命或造反(不以武力奪取政權)/無全民公投 (universal suffrage)(不讓人民投票, 因為隔行如隔山, 人民1知半解)/無競選(不讓政客花$買票獲公職)/國家主席(3軍統帥)由公司董事會指派, 撤換etc.)/全國各級官吏從專業人民中由科舉取士(這是有中國特色之民主制,專業人士才夠格領導人民, 而成功專業人士只佔人口之極少數)/公司監事會執行監察任務/公司董事監事由官吏升任/---等等, 都正在寫入我的英文著作中向世界讀者發表, 這種思維我已說了有10餘年了, 哈! 3/10/2018 (Saturday) Taipei 　 3/16/2018 (Friday) 3:30PM-5:20PM NTU醫/藥學院英文課 7th 年講題: Sentence Patterns (I) 句型教室: 北市中正區林森南路33號3樓教師: 許松勇歡迎光臨免費旁聽英文不要輸給 Alibaba 馬雲 Jack Ma, 哈! 學會句型保證你學會句子的正確結構! 　 ‘多’ 的英文字: 至少有34個可選用! 各位可懂幾個? 我是讀來的, 不是抄自他人的收集! a number of/a group of/a series of/a set of/a company of/a wealth of/a ton of/a collection of/a column of/a sequence of/a succession of/ a handful of/ a bunch of/a bulk of/a chunk of /a mountain of/a sea of/a large body of/a cadre of/a file of/a legion of/a volley of/a tally of/an array of/a string of/a plethora of/a slew of/a myriad of/a flurry of/a bevy of/a score of/scores of/a lot of/lots of 3/1/2018 (Thursday) Taipei 　人體生命的自然運作, 基本上是中央集權制, 效率特高, 其基本機能是維穩(Homeostasis = maintenance of biochemical equilibrium): 人腦藉神經電路系統與內分泌系調控全身數十兆細胞的機能於生命可生存的狹小穩定範圍內. 人體多種器官各有機能, 代表多權分立, 分工合作但不互相制衡! 故西方3權分立互相制衡違反自然法則! 全身骨骼肌直接接受大腦電路的指揮! 心臟/胃腸雖有地方自治(自行發電/自行跳動), 但也直接接受中央電路的調控! 人體的免疫系統不許全身細胞癌化(造反), 免疫細胞隨處捕殺造反的癌細胞! 全身各處細胞不許脫序(違紀/生病), 脫序時, 病重則命亡, 無不同細胞集團之利益衝突問題, 故無司法獨立問題!, 故東方人治國如養生,才有漢唐盛世, 西方政治思維不合身體自然規律, 哈! 2/27/2018 (Tuesday) Taipei 　老子 <道德經>: 人法地地法天天法道道法自然. 神農子曰: 人法自然 Humans are part of the nature and follow the nature. 美國之音: PRC最高法院院長反對西方三權分立(相互制衡)/司法獨立. 這是東西方思想公開對立之起點! 　關鍵概念: 蔬果中其他抗氧化劑種類/含量多, 比花青素更重要. 乙型胡蘿蔔素(beta-carotene)/類胡蘿蔔素(carotenoids); 胡蘿蔔柑橘柳橙/木瓜南瓜西瓜/杏子/芹菜/綠花椰菜/香菜/甜椒等特多. 玉米黃素(zeazanth): 玉米. 薑黃素(curcumin) : 咖哩. 番茄紅素(lycopene): 番茄. 硒(selenium): 洋蔥. 多酚(polyphenols)(屬於黃酮類, 如綠原酸chlorogenic acid, 檞皮素quercetin等): 茶/咖啡/可可/巧克力/蘋果皮/ 葡萄皮等特多, 蔬果都有. 穀胱甘太(glutathione) (清除細胞內過氧化氫, 過氧化氫會變成超毒的氫氧自由基): 菠菜/蘆筍特多. 總結: 有顏色的蔬果都有豐富的抗氧化劑(植物色素), 都要輪者攝食, 才有機會健康/無病或少病/長壽. (神農子健康13th講) An array of the naturally occurring phytochemicals (carotenoids, zeazanth, curcumin, lycopene, polyphenols, glutathione, etc.) in different colors functions when ingested as antioxidants that eliminate most of the free radicals produced constantly in the human body cells and thus slow the aging process, reduce cellular pathogenesis, and potentially lead humans to a long lifespan free of disease. 1/26/2018 (Fri.) L. A. 　關鍵概念: 蔬果中最強效抗氧化劑是花青素. 昭告天下華人美女/帥哥/老人: 西醫60年來已證明人體細胞生產的各類自由基(free radicals)是細胞老化的主力, 西醫也已證明, 上帝創造的天然最強抗自由基成分(稱為抗氧化劑 anti-oxidants)是花青素(anthocyanidin)(深紫色素), 存在於: 黑豆/黑芝麻/黑枸杞/歐洲藍莓/紫皮葡萄等5種蔬果內. 人體細胞每秒鐘都生產自由基破壞細胞結構, 飲食不缺花青素, 美麗/帥氣/終身無病可期! UN 2015年統計, 舉世百歲人瑞 316,600人中,3%(約1萬人)終生無病! 紫皮葡萄含殘留農藥的機率高, 可用小蘇打水泡15分鐘清除之! 恭祝各位萬壽無疆! (神農子健康12th講) Medical evidence shows that free radicals produced in each cell of the human body are the major risk factor for aging/disease, & that the most potent antioxidant capable of instantly destroying free radicals is anthocyanidin, a phytochemical naturally occurring in black beans, black sesame, black wolfberry, European blueberry, & red (purple) grape. UN data in 2015:3% of the world 316,600 centenarians is free of disease until the last 3 months of their lives. Long Live Fellow FB Friends! 1/25/18 (Thur.) L. A. 　神州大地太空科技報導: 1/19/18 PRC首次利用自製固態燃料運載火箭將6顆衛星送入太空,其中1顆是加拿大衛星;由於PRC為外國發射衛星,收費最低,每公斤5,000美元, 生意壓過俄國/美國/法國, 舉世稱霸! PRC的固態燃料火箭科技已是舉世1流! 至今已為外國發射衛星30次;今(2018)年將發射40顆衛星, 維持北斗全球定位系統, 2019年將上月球取岩石回PRC, 也要送機器人(robot)入月球背面探險, 2020年上火星探險.PRC有4個衛星發射中心:酒泉/西昌/太原/文昌.美國識者敦促政府要維持太空/電腦科技領先能力, 並強化大學科技/工程教育以維持領先地位! On 1/19/18,PRC used 1st homegrown solid propellant carrier rocket to launch 6 satellites into the outer space,1 being Canadian satellite.Given that launching satellite for foreign countries is very lucrative,PRC has done it 30 times to date. PRC stands to take a lead in launching foreign satellites at a much lower price, $5,000 per kg, competing against Russia,the U.S., & France. Some have urged the U.S. to keep the leading space/cyber capabilities & strengthen the science and engineering education in universities.1/23/18 (Tue.) L. A 　中美大競爭時代已經來臨: 綜合美國評論家們言論: PRC百度/Alibaba/騰訊等3家企業合計產值超過1兆美元, 3家企業皆投入高科技創新產業(電動車/人工智慧產品---等). PRC擁有舉世成長最快的高科技新企業群(startups). 美國矽谷PRC工程師群回流中國. PRC 經濟/創新科技/軍事/太空等發展氣勢龐大, 成績斐然. PRC 1帶1路(BRI)涵蓋68國44億人口(舉世76億人), 投資總額1兆美元, 開闢高鐵/高速公路/港口等以海/陸連結亞/歐/非等3大洲貿易網, BRI生產總值, 佔舉世GDP 40%. PRC貿易策略是各個擊破, 不結盟,不搞集團, 英國首相/法國總統相繼訪問中國大陸爭取合作. 美國有些人建議聯合大英國協內的英語系國家, 來對抗PRC的BRI, 也有人建議2大強權應開始從事高科技合作, 彌補歷來分岐共飲長江水! 1/21/2018 (Sun.) L. A. An era of Sino-American competition has arrived: Baidu, Alibaba & Tencent together are worth more than 1 trillion dollars today. PRC has a huge number of fastest-growing technology & ecosystem startups; its Belt Road Initiative (BRI) is an international trade network connecting by land/maritime routes 68 countries with 4.4 billion people living in Asia, Europe, & Africa; UK’s premier and France’s president have visited PRC to seek partnerships. There is a general recognition that PRC’s advances in science and technology are fast and huge and America has identified PRC as a competitor. While some have proposed forming an alliance of the English-speaking countries to compete with BRI, others have urged Sino-American cooperation to heal the technology divide and to drink together the raw water of the Yangtze River! 1/21/2018 (Sun.) L. A 　 ‘許多’ 英文字(1): a string of (一串, 一隊, 一排, 連續) String (n)(string): a cord (線狀物) larger than a thread (細線) and smaller than a rope (繩子). Examples: a string of onions, fish(= a group of objects threaded on a string) 一串洋蔥/魚. a string of pearls, beads 一串珠子. a string of newspapers 一疊報紙. a string of people(= a column of persons moving in a single file)一排人. a string of cars(= a series of things arranged in a line)一排汽車. There is a long string of cars waiting at a red light.一長串汽車在等紅綠燈(注意: string用單數動詞 is). a string of words, symbols(= a sequence of like items) 一串語言/符號. He uttered a string of words that don't make sense. 胡言亂語一番. a string of stores along the street(= a group of business properties spread out geographically) 一排建物. a string of successes(= a succession of) 一連串的成功1/17/2018 (Wed.) L. A. 　課程預告: 醫藥英文2017年度2nd學期 (臺大醫/藥學院英文總複習課7th 年). 教師: 許麗卿/許松勇(16堂課, 我教14堂). 學分: 2 學分 (全校選修課). 上課時間: 每星期五 3:30pm–5:30pm. 上課地點: 100台北市林森南路33號臺大藥學院3樓. 講義: 複習英文句型/時間/數量/因果關係/介係詞/形容詞/動詞/情緒/個性/醫藥科學/法律/政治/財經/漢字音史/文學(紅樓夢/三國演義/浮生6記)等英文用字. 歡迎旁聽講義免費! NTU Schools of Medine/Pharmacy Elective Course. Course Title: Medical English, 2018 (7th year). Instructors: Dr. Hsu Lih-ching & Dr. Robert S. Hsu. Credit Hours: 2, NTU Elective Course. Class Schedule: Every Friday 3:30pm–5:30pm. Class Location: 100 Linsen South Road 33, Taipei. Lecture Topics: English Sentence Patterns/Time/Quantity/Cause-Effect/Prepositions/Adjectives/Verbs/Emotions/Personality Types/Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences/Law/Politics/Finance-Economics/History/Literature (Novels). Sit-in students are welcomed, lecture handouts for free! 1/15/2018 (Mon.) L. A. 　預告: 我將恢復英文教學西醫已證明: 教育/終身學習可延壽預防大腦患失智症 1/17/2018 (Wed.) L. A. 　 May 2016 - November 27, 2016 (Sunday) 英文媒體曰: PRC之5倍音速飛彈是美國最佳空對空飛彈射程之2倍多而且新無人機可裝設成隱形機以太空網路為攻擊目標 China's new mach 6 hypersonic missile has over twice the range of best U.S. air-to-air missile and new drones could create a stealth plane targeting network. Nov. 27. 2016 (Sunday) LA 　　英文媒體曰: 歐洲終於醒來看到了(覺醒到有)新絲路這可是很大---2016年終新絲路蓬勃發展--- Europe finally wakes up to the new silk road and this could be big. ---. At the end of 2016, silk road development is booming. In addition to --- new infrastructure throughout Euroasia, the necessary political, economic and financial networks are being established. 11.11.2016 (Friday) 　　英文媒體曰:PRC軍事能力正以驚人速度成長中Report: China's military capabilities are growing at a shocking speed. 　英文媒體曰: PRC開發500 公里/小時火車. 領先高鐵科技輸出 China developing 500 km/hr trains to lead export of high-speed rail technology. 9.26.2016 (Monday) 　英文媒體曰: 下一個大未來: PRC超級電腦主宰地位提供全球經濟競爭力優勢 Next big future: China supercomputer domination provides a global economic competitiveness advantage. 　英文媒體曰: PRC加入世界頂尖25個最創新經濟體 China joins world's top 25 most innovative economies. 　英文媒體曰: 下一個大未來: PRC開發反潛艇之火箭魚雷混合體武器 China develops a anti-submarine missile-torpedo hybrid weapon. PRC之火箭魚雷可限制美國潛艇威力 China's new missile-torpedo may curb U.S. submarine power 　英文媒體曰: PRC即將發射(注: 已發射)量子衛星在新太空競賽中領先 China is about to launch an un-hackable quantum satellite and take the lead in a new space race China launches hack-proof communication satellite. 　英文媒體曰 : PRC 正開發超音速太空飛機讓太空梭顯得很原始! China is developing a hypersonic space plane that makes the space shuttle look primitive. 　英文媒體曰: PRC科技創新已成世界主流 China tech innovation goes mainstream finally as Facebook, Twitter look east for ideas. 　英文媒體曰: PRC致力於 IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things 企業物聯網) 將主宰全球市場 China IIoT efforts will dominate global market - Economist 　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 December 28, 2015 (Monday) Los Angeles 　 Words that denote physical or mental pain身或心之痛苦: Pain, suffering, distress, misery, agony, anguish, woe, torment, torture 　　 Words that denote physical or mental pain (I): pain, pains 　 Shen huo4 xin zhi tong4 ku3: 身或心之痛苦 shen ti3 zhi tong4 jue2 huo4 jing shen2 zhi chu3 tong4: 身體之痛覺或精神之楚痛 mental or physical pain, suffering, or distress; pain, suffering, or distress of the mind or body; 　 Pain (peyn): = a state of physical or mental lack of well-being; a state of physical or mental uneasiness ranging from mild discomfort to acute and unbearable agony; a consequence of being injured or hurt physically or mentally, or of derangement of or lack of equilibrium in the physical or mental functions 　 Example: Shen ti3 tong4 jue2 ke2 yi3 shi4 quan2 shen xing4 huo4 ju2 bu4 xing4 身體痛覺可以是全身性或局部性 Physical pain or bodily pain may be generalized or localized. Ta jing chang2 tong 他經常痛 He is in constant pain. Yie2 xu3 rou4 ti3 zhi cun2 zai4 nai3 ling4 ren2 lei4 lei4 huai4 zhi tong 也許肉體之存在乃令人類累壞之痛 Perhaps all physical existence is a weary pain to man. Ta duei4 na4 xie xiou ru4 de5 yian2 ci2 suo3 gan3 dao4 de5 tong4 ku3 他對那些羞辱的言詞所感到的痛苦 the pain he had felt at those humiliating words jiao3 huai2 niu3 shang zhi tong4 腳踝扭傷之痛 the pain of a twisted ankle ta shen pa4 li2 kai ta men5 suo3 dai4 lai2 de5 tong4 ku3 他深怕離開他們所帶來的痛苦 He dreaded the pain of separation from them. ta ing4 duei4 ta men5 de5 xing2 wei2 ling4 wuo2 hen3 tong4 ku3 他應對他們的行為令我很痛苦 His conduct in regard to them caused me the deepest pain. rang4 ren2 xin fan2 zhi shi4/wu4L 讓人心煩之事/物: pain: = sg that irks or annoys or otherwise troublesome; sg provokingly displeasing Example: Ta hen3 rang4 ren2 xin fan2 她很讓人心煩 She is a great pain. Gan3 jue2 xin fan2: 感覺心煩: pain: = a feeling of annoyance to sg irksome or annoying Example: Ni3 ling4 wuo3 xin fan2 你令我心煩 You give me a pain. 　　 Chu3 fa2: 處罰: *pains (pl.)* = punishments, now used chiefly in the phrase, pains and penalties Example: Tong guo4 xing2 shi4 fan4 zuei4 chu3 fa2 zhi fa3 lu4 通過刑事犯罪處罰之法律 passing acts of pains and penalties you3 ge5 yuan2 ze2: min2 shi4 fa3 ting2 bu4 xu3 jia zhong4 duei4 xing2 shi4fan4 zuei4 zhi chu3 fa2 有個原則民事法庭不許加重對刑事犯罪之處罰 There was the principle that civil courts may not add to the pains and penalties of crimes. Sheng chan3 shi2 zi3 gong shou suo zhi zhen4 tong4: 生產時子宮收縮之陣痛: *pains (pl).:* = the protracted series of the involuntary contractions of uterine musculature 　 Xin ku3 wan2 cheng2 mou3 shi4: 辛苦(完成某事): pains (pl.): = effort, care, trouble taken for the accomplishment of sg and is used as either singular archaically or plural in construction. Example: Ta hua hen3 da4 li4 qi4 yan2 jiou4 shi2 wu4 xi4 jie2 他花很大力氣研究實務細節 He has taken great pains to study the practical details. Ta fei4 li4 qiang2 diao4 ci3 ci4 zao4 fang3 zhi fei zheng4 zhi4 xing4 zhi2 他費力強調此次造訪之非政治性質 He was at pains to emphasize the nonpolitical character of this visit. Fou3 ze2 chu3 fa2 jia shen: 否則處罰加身: on pain of/upon pain of/under pain of: = under penalty or punishment of (Usage note: each of these prepositional phrases is followed by word or phrase to indicate the thing specified is invoked as a threat that will be fulfilled. 　 Example: Ta bei4 gao4 zhi bu4 zhun3 li2 jing4 fou3 ze2 sang4 ming4 他被告知不准離境否則喪命 He was told not to leave the country on pain of death. Xiang4 zheng4 fu3 bu4 men2 zhu2 guan3 shi ya yao4 zhu2 guan3 yong4 ta de5 ren2 fou3 ze2 zhu2 guan3 zai4 guo2 huei4 jiang zao yu4 fan3 duei4 向政府部門主管施壓要主管任用他的人否則主管在國會將遭遇反對 Bringing pressure upon the commissioner to appoint to office his favorites under pain of meeting his opposition in Congress. = or is sg to be forfeited (archaic or obsolete) Example: Mei3 ge5 ren2 bi4 xu huei2 jia fou3 ze2 sang4 ming4 每個人必須回家否則喪命 That every one upon pain of life should return to their houses = or is an offense/crime with which one will be charged Example: Mei3 ge5 ren2 bi4 xu fou3 ze2 yi3 fan3 pan4 lun4 每個人必須開店否則以反叛論 That every one should open their shop under pain of rebellion. Sentence pattern: Sy is in pain. Sg is a pain to sy. Sg causes sy a great pain. a pain of sg Sy feels pain at sg. Sy is a great pain. pains and penalties of crimes Sy takes pains to do sg. Sy is at pains to do sg. Sy should do sg on pain of/upon pain of/under pain of sg threatening. 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 December 8, 2015 (Tuesday) original 　精神上之痛苦 Mental pain, mental suffering, mental distress; pain of mind, suffering of mind, distress of mind In addition to ‘sadness, sorrow, grief, and regret’, the following words also express ‘mental suffering or pain’: anguish, dole, dolor, heartache, woe. 　　 anguish (n) (ANG-gwish) = 悲痛 (n) an excruciating or torturing grief or dread 　 Example: Wu2 fa3 ren3 shou4 zhi bei tong4 無法忍受之悲痛 the insufferable anguish tong4 ku3 de5 jian jiao4 痛苦的尖叫 shrieks of anguish (shriek = a shrill, frantic cry) bei shang zhi tong4; bei4 ta3 bai4 zhi tong4 悲傷之痛; 被打敗之痛 the anguish of grief; the anguish of defeat ta nei4 xin chong man3 zhe5 tong4 ku3 她內心充滿著痛苦 Anguish filled her heart. 　 = 悲痛 (n) deep sadness especially for the loss of sy or sg loved 　 Example: Wuo3 diu le5 qi4 che de5 tong4 ku3 fei yü3 yian2 suo3 neng2 xing2 rong2 我丟了汽車的痛苦非語言所能形容 Words can’t express my anguish at losing my car. = 極度痛苦(n) extreme pain, distress, or anxiety 　 Example: Ta chang2 dao4 le5 jie2 hun 10 nian2 zhi hou4 li2 hun zhi tong4 他嘗到了結婚10年之後離婚之痛 He experienced the anguish of divorce after 10 years of marriage. Ta men2 xin tong4 de5 wang4 zhe5 da4 huo3 yian2 shao de5 fang2 zi5 他們心痛地望著大火延燒房子ˊ They watched in anguish as fire spread through the house. 　 = 身體或心理之極度痛苦extreme pain either of body or mind (usually used in singular); a state of great suffering or body or mind 　 Example: Nei4 xin zuei4 jian ruei4 zhi tong shi4 zi4 ze2 內心最尖銳之痛是自責 The keenest of all anguish, self-reproach Zuo4 wei2 yi wei4 xin lao3 shi ta jue2 ding4 shang4 bao4 xue2 sheng zuo4 bi4 zhi shi4 nei4 xin que4 shi2 tong4 ku3 作為一位新老師她決定上報學生作弊之事內心確實痛苦 As a new teacher, she was in real anguish over the decision to report the cheating. Sentence pattern: the anguish of/at/over sg Sy to do sg in anguish. Sy to be in anguish over sg Sy to feel anguish of/at/over sg Anguish fills/strikes one’s heart 　　　 dole (n) (dohl) = 悲痛 (n) (archaic) grief or mourning; grief or sorrow 　 Example: shen ru4 de5 zhi2 wen4 tan4 suo3 wu2 jin4 de5 bei tong4 深入的質問探索無盡的悲痛 Deep questioning probes to endless dole. (= grief or sorrow) 　 = (以哭/泣表達) 悲痛 (n) woe given vent to weeping, moaning, wailing; lamentation (= given vent to = being expressed by) 　 Example: xian4 ru4 wu2 yi3 wei4 jie4 de5, ling4 ren2 sheng wei4 de5 bei tong4 陷入無以慰藉的, 令人生畏的悲痛 Giving way to inconsolable, fearful doles sentence pattern: inconsolable dole endless dole 　　　 dolor (n) (DOH-ler)悲痛 (n) = (literary)(poetic term) mental suffering or anguish; sorrow; grief; a state of great sorrow, grief, misery, or distress; dolefulness; deep sadness especially for the loss of sy or sg loved 　 Example: ta ai shang de5 shi jü4 yuan2 yü2 li4 jing shu4 yue4 de5 shen du4 bei tong 她哀傷的詩句源於歷經數月的深度悲痛 Her sad poems grew put of a deep dolor that lasted for months. 　 ta wu2 fa3 cheng2 shou4 ai shang er2 pao3 kai 她無法承受哀傷而跑開 Her dolor was so unbearable that she ran away. 　 sentence pattern: one's dolor; her deep dolor 　　　 heartache (n) (HAHRT-eyk) 悲痛 (n) = emotional pain or distress; sorrow; grief; anguish = intense anguish or mental suffering = an all-embracing hidden sorrow springing from loss of hope, love. 　 Example: zhan4 zheng zhi shang tong4 戰爭之傷痛 the heartache of war 　 ta zai4 xü3 duo nian2 de5 pin2 qiong2 yü3 kun4 ku3 zhi hou4 ming2 li4 shuang shou 他在許多年的貧窮與困苦之後, 名利雙收 He reaches fame and success after many years of poverty and heartache. (success = attainment of wealth) 　 mei2 you3 huei2 bao4 zhi ai4 qing2 de5 tong4 ku3 沒有回報之愛情的痛苦 the heartache of unrequited love (unrequited = unreturned) sentence pattern: the heartache of sg undesirable 　　　 woe (n) (woh) = 悲痛 (n) deep sadness especially for the loss of sy or sg loved 　 Example; 其夫往生後, 她悲痛不止 the incessant woe has haunted her since the death of her husband = 悲痛 (n)與苦難 (n) (literary) intense grief or misery; expressive of grief, regret, or distress; a miserable or sorrowful state; deep suffering from misfortune, affliction or grief; grievous distress, affliction, or trouble. 　 Example: zheng3 ge5 shi2 dai4 zhi ku3 整個時代之苦難 a whole age of woe 　 ren2 lei4 zhi ku3 he2 le4 人類之苦和樂 human weal and woe (weal = prosperity, happiness, wellbeing) 　 ren2 lei4 zhi ku3 he2 le4 人類之苦或樂 bliss or woe of human souls 　 ta suo3 gan3 jue2 dao4 de5 ku3 nan4 xuan2 wo zhong 他所感覺到的苦難漩渦中 amid the whirl of woe he feels 　 gong4 xiang3 ta men2 mao4 xian3 zhi ku3 he2 le4 共享他們冒險之苦和樂 to share their adventures in weal and woe 　 ni3 ruo4 chi2 dao4 ni3 you3 ku3 tou2 chi 你若遲到你有苦頭吃! Woe betide you if you arrive late. (= Misfortune will befall someone; to betide = to befall = to happen to) 　 ni3 men2 bi4 xü zun zhong4 tiao2 yue wei2 bei4 zhe3 you2 ku3 tou2 chi 你們必須尊重條約違背者有苦頭吃 You must respect treaties, then: woe to those who do not respect treaties. = 苦難 (n) (pl.) grievous distress, affliction, misfortune; calamity trouble; deep or inconsolable misery induced by grief or anguish 　 Example: jing ji4 shang4 zhi ku3 nan4 經濟上的苦難 Economic woes 　 shi4 qü jiao tong zhi ku3 nan4 wen2 ming2 市區交通之苦難聞名 The city’s traffic woes are well known. 　 ta chi hen3 duo ku3 tou2 qi2 yi shi4 die2 jiao 她吃很多苦頭其一是跌跤 She suffered a fall, among other woes. (= an affliction) 　 sentence pattern: human weal and woe sy to share sg in weal and woe woe to those who lie sy to suffer many woes 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 December 4, 2015 (Friday) Words denoting mental suffering or distress of mind for loss of sy or sg loved (為失去所愛之人/物而承受) 精神上之痛苦: 　悲傷 (n): sadness, sorrow, grief, regret = expression of a feeling associated with loss, bereavement, sympathy for another’s suffering sadness (n) 悲傷 (n): = the state of being sad = an expression of sorrow; a cause of sorrow; a feeling of sorrow or unhappiness = sorrowfulness, gloominess; mournfulness = expressive of grief or unhappiness 　 Example: Ta yi4 shi4 dao4 shen shen de5 bei shang, dan4 hai2 bu2 shi4 shang tong4 他意識到深深的悲傷, 但還不是傷痛 He was conscious of a profound sadness which was not grief. Ta de5 yian3 jing he2 sheng yin dai4 zhe5 bei shang 他的眼睛和聲音帶者悲傷 There was sadness in her eyes, in her voice. Ta bei shang de5 hue2 da2 她悲傷地回答 She answered with sadness. Ta duei4 ce3 yi fa xiang4 gan3 dao4 bei shang 她對此一發現感到悲傷 She felt sadness at the discovery. Ta you3 bei4 bei shang zheng fu2 de5 wuei2 xian3 他有被悲傷征服的危險 Sadness threatened to overwhelm him. sorrow (n) 悲傷 (n): = sadness or grief; a cause of sadness or grief; a display of sadness or grief; a feeling of sadness or grief; an expression of sadness or grief; deep sadness 　 Example: Wuo3 duei4 you3 ren2 de5 wang3 sheng gan3 dao4 bei shang 我對友人的往生感到悲傷 I felt sorrow at the death of my friend. Ta liang3 bu4 neng2 jie2 huen hen3 bei shang 他兩不能結婚很悲傷 To their great sorrow, they could not marry. (= deep sadness, distress, or regre) Chong man3 zhe5 huan le4 yu3 bei shang de5 yi4 sheng 充滿著歡樂與悲傷的一生 a life filled with joys and sorrows mu4 du3 ta de5 wang3 sheng yin2 qi3 guang3 fan4 de5 bei shang 目睹他的往生引起廣泛的悲傷 to witness the widespread sorrow his death has aroused grief (n) 悲傷 (n): = deep sadness for a death; poignant or extended sorrow 　 Example: Nu3 er2 wang3 sheng ta hen3 bei shang 女兒往生她很悲傷 Her deep grief at her daughter’s death Bei shang zheng fu2 le5 ta 悲傷征服了他 He was overcome with grief. Uwo3 men2 yi4 sheng de5 huan le4 yu3 bei shang 我們一生的歡樂和悲傷 Joys and griefs of our lives Ta li2 kai luo2 ma3 jiao4 tang2 ta mu3 qin zhi4 wuei2 bei shang 他離開羅馬教堂他母親至為悲傷 To the grief of his mother, he left the Roman Church. Yi ling2 jiou2 jiou3 nian2 qi yue4 ta yin bei fen4 wang3 sheng 一0九九年七月他因悲憤往生 He died of anger and grief in July 1099. Ta dong4 bu2 dong4 jiou4 bei fen4 guo4 du4 他動不動就悲憤過度 He is prone to the excess of wrath and grief. Yi zhen4 bei shang tuen shi4 le5 ta 一陣悲傷吞噬了他 A wave of grief engulfed him. Ta luo4 dan shi2 de5 kong3 ju4 yu3 bei shang 他落單時的恐懼與悲傷 his fear and grief at being left alone Note: other definitions regret (n) (帶有懊悔的) 悲傷 (n): = sorrow aroused by circumstances beyond control; grief or pain tinged with disappointment, dissatisfaction, remorse, and the like. = a sense of repentance or sorrow for some wrong done or an unfulfilled ambition 　 Example: Ta man3 huai2 ling4 yi zhong3 bei shang ta ren4 ding4 shi4 dai4 you3 ao4 huei3 de5 bei shang 他滿懷另一種悲傷他認定是帶有懊悔的悲傷 A different kind of sorrow filled him, one he recognized as regret. Ni3 xuan3 ta bu4 xuan3 wuo3 yie3 ling4 wuo3 shang xin 你選他不選我也令我傷心 I also regret you choosing him over me. Yi jiou3 ling2 liou4 nian2 san yue4 ta zai4 yi pian4 bei shang fen wuei2 zhong wang3 shen 一九0六年三月他在一片悲傷氛圍中往生 He died amidst general regret in March 1906. Ta sheng si3 bu4 ming2 wuo3 he2 zheng3 ge5 lu4 jun hen3 bei shang 他生死不明我和整個陸軍很悲傷 To the great regret of myself and the whole army, it is uncertain whether he is alive or not. Wang2 zi3 Andrew shuo, “ta sheng bing4 wuo3 gan3 dao4 hen3 bei shang.” 王子 Andrew 說, “他生病我感到很悲傷.” “I feel much regret for her illness,” said Prince Andrew. Ta dai4 zhe5 s s de5 bei shang nong suei4 shou3 zhong yu4 shi2 他帶著絲絲的悲傷弄碎手中玉石 With some regret, he crushed the gem in his hand. 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 June 8, 2015 (Monday) Taipei 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (11 of 11): to shun (vt)(shuhn): Definition 故意避開(某人/某物/某地) 　 to shun (vt)(shuhn): 故意避開(某人/某物/某地) to avoid deliberately and habitually (a person, place, object); to keep away from; to shy away from 　 Sentence pattern: to shun sy/to shun sg/to shun a place 　 Example: He has tried hard to shun personal publicity and keep a low profile as much as possible. 　 Shunning Beijing's infrastructure bank was a mistake for the U.S. After the trial he was shunned by friends and family alike. After his divorce he found himself being shunned by many of his former friends. He shuns parties and social events. He lived alone, shunning all community activities. He is able to shun temptation. No man can shun his destiny. 　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 16, 2015 (Friday) Los Angeles 　 Improve your Mandarin and English by picking the best (precise) word(s) for a specific scenario: 推卸(義務予他人) to shirk a duty upon the others tuei xie4 (yi4 wu4 yü2 ta ren2) 不(抽煙)/ 不(喝酒)/ 不(吃肉)/ 不(跳舞)/ 不(穿西裝打領帶) to eschew smoking/alcoholic beverage/flesh/dancing/suit and tie bu4 chou yan/bu4 he jiou3/bu4 chi rou4/bu4 tiao wu3/bu4 chuan xi zhuang da2 ling3 dai4 　逃避(警察/追殺者) to evade the police to elude the pursuer tao2 bi4 jing3 cha/zhuei sha zhe3 　逃(稅) to evade taxes tao2 shuei4 　躲(法律)/逃避(法律) to evade laws to elude laws duo2 fa3 lü4/tao2 bi4 fa3 lü4 逃避(兵役) to evade draft to dodge the service tao2 bi4 bing yi4 　閃避(子彈/刀劍) to dodge a bullet/knife/sword to duck a bullet/knife/sword shan3 bi4 zi3 dan4/dao jian4 　閃避(某人不見面) to dodge someone to duck someone shan3 bi4 mou3 ren2 　閃進巷子/閃到柱子背後 to dodge into an alley/to dodge behind a pillar to duck into an alley/to duck behind a pillar shan3 jin4 xiang4 zi/shan3 dao4 zhu4 zi bei4 hou4 　閃躲飛來的球 to dodge a ball to sidestep a ball shan3 duo3 fei lai2 de qiou2 　擋掉(一擊/一拳/刀劍) to parry a punch, a blow, a knife, a sword to fence a punch, a blow, a knife, a sword dang3 diao4 yi ji2/yi quan2/dao jian4 　技巧地迴避直接回答問題 to evade a question to parry a question to fence a question to fence (vi) with someone to fence (vi) on an issue ji4 qiao3 di huei2 bi4 zhi2 jie huei2 da2 wen4 ti2 裝病不做事 to malinger to avoid doing something zhuang bing4 bu4 zuo4 shi4 這我不懂/這你不懂/這他不懂 This evades me/you/him. This eludes me/you/him. Wo3 bu4 dong3 zhe4/ni3 bu4 dong3 zhe4/ta bu4 dong3 zhe4 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 16, 2015 (Friday) Los Angeles Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (10 of 10): to malinger (muh-LING-ger)(vi): definition 稱(裝)病推卸(工作/責任)(vi) cheng (zhuang) bing4 tuei xie4 gong zuo4/ze2 ren4 　 to malinger (muh-LING-ger)(vi): 稱(裝)病推掉(工作/責任) to pretend or exaggerate illness or incapacity so as to avoid work or to shirk one’s duty; to shirk one’s duty by pretense of illness, weakness, or incapacity 　 Sentence pattern: Sy malingers. 　 Example: 裝病不做事 to malinger out of chores to malinger to avoid doing work zhuang bing4 bu4 zuo4 shi4 　裝病待在家裡不上學 to malinger in order to stay home from school zhuang bing4 dai4 zai4 jia li3 bu4 shang4 xue2 裝咳嗽希望免盡陪審員義務 to malinger with a fake cough in hopes of being excused from jury duty zhuang ke2 sou4 xi wang4 mian3 jin4 pei2 shen3 yuan2 yi4 wu4 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 15, 2015 (Thursday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (9 of 10): to fence (fens)(vt, vi): Definition 擋掉(襲擊, 問題, 攻擊者)(vt); 迴避直接回答問題(vi); 用劍攻防 (vi) to fence (vt): 擋掉(襲擊, 問題, 攻擊者) to ward off, to keep out; to parry, to fend off, to turn aside (blows, questions, attackers) to fence (vi): 避免直接回答問題to strive to avoid giving direct answers; figuratively to avoid an issue or to ward sg off as embarrassing questions; 用劍攻防to practice the art of fencing such as thrusting, guarding, parrying fencing (n): 迴避直接回答問題 the avoidance of direct answers, evasiveness, or a parrying of arguments: 劍術之攻防 the practice of fighting with swords 　 Sentence pattern: Sy fences questions. Sy fences with sy else.. Sy fences daily. 　 Example: 阻擋不受歡迎移民之法律 laws that fence out undesirable immigrants (= to ward off, to repel) dang3 diao4 zu2 dang3 bu2 shou4 huan ying2 yi2 min2 zhi fa3 lü4 　主席擋掉彆扭的問題 The chairman fences awkward questions. (= to turn aside, to evade, to parry) Zhu3 xi2 dang3 diao4 bie4 niu3 de wen4 ti2 花很多時間在作證席上擋提問 spent much time in fencing (vi) on the witness stand (= to baffle inquiry by equivocation or figuratively to avoid an issue or to ward sg off as embarrassing questions) hua hen3 duo shi2 jian zai4 zuo4 zheng4 xi2 shang4 dang3 ti2 wen4 　主席呈現迴避直接回答媒體問題的新才華 The president showed a new capability for fencing (vi) with the press. Zhu3 xi2 cheng2 xian4 huei2 bi4 zhi2 jie huei2 da2 mei2 ti3 wen4 ti2 de xin chai2 hua2 　他每天和一位高明的劍士擊劍 He fences (vi) daily with a skilled foilsman. (= to practice the art of fencing) Ta mei3 tian he2 yi wei4 gao ming2 de jian4 shi4 ji2 jian4 　政界迴避直接回答重要議題 political fencing (n) on important issues (= avoidance of direct answers to issues) zheng4 jie4 huei2 bi4 zhi2 jie huei2 da2 zhong yao4 yi4 ti2 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 14, 2015 (Wednesday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (8 of 10): to parry (PAR-ee)(vt, vi): Definition 擋掉 (劍擊, etc.); 擋掉 (問題) 　 to parry (vt, vi): 擋掉 (劍擊, etc.) to ward off, to turn aside, to deflect a thrust, stroke, weapon, blow by means of a parry; to avert; (以機智回答) 擋掉 (問題) to evade or to dodge a question by an adroit answer parry (n): a defensive action made with a blade or glove to deflect a thrust or blow from an opponent Note: The word carries a notion of direct contact and deflection of the attack 　 Sentence pattern: Sy parries a thrust, blow, weapon, etc. Sy parries a question. Sy thrusts and parries (vi). 　 Example: 這把刀曾經擋掉賣國賊的濫劍攻擊 The knife had parried the blow from the traitor’s useless sword. Zhe4 ba3 dao ceng2 jing dang3 diao4 mai4 guo2 zei2 de lan4 jian4 gong ji2 　他是位新品種的將軍有能力擋掉教科書上沒說過的一類敵人 He is a new species of general, capable of parrying a kind of enemy that was not described in the textbooks. Ta shi4 wei4 xin pin2 zhong2 de jiang jun you3 neng2 li4 dang3 diao4 jiao4 ke shu shang4 mei2 shuo guo4 de yi lei4 di2 ren2 　 Modoc 印地安人 (in Oregon/north California)戰鬥群擋掉聯邦部隊一波波的攻擊 The Modoc bands parried thrust after thrust of the Federal troops. Modoc in4 di4 an ren2 zhan4 dou4 qun2 dang3 diao4 lian2 bang bu4 duei4 yi po po de gong ji2 　她機智地擋掉記者們的提問 She cleverly parried the reporters’ questions. Ta ji zhi4 di dang3 diao4 ji4 zhe3 men2 de ti2 wen4 　我花了整個下午和一群所謂保險專家們作攻防 I spent the entire afternoon thrusting (vi) and parrying (vi) with a committee of so-called experts in the field of insurance. Wo3 hua le zheng3 ge xia4 wu3 he2 yi qun2 suo3 wei4 bao2 xian3 zhuan jia men2 zuo4 gong fang2 　辯論之攻防 (= 衝刺與抵擋) the thrust and parry (n) in a debate bian4 lun4 zhi gong fang2 (= chong ci4 yü3 di2 dang3) 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 13, 2015 (Tuesday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (7 of 10): to sidestep (SAHYD-step)(vt, vi): Definition (突然)閃避(某物)(vt,vi); 迴避(做決定/問題) 　 to sidestep (vt, vi): (突然)閃避(某物) to step suddenly aside from or out of the way of sg; 迴避(做決定/問題) to avoid or evade making a decision, meeting an issue, taking a stand, or the like 　 Sentence pattern: Sy sidesteps sg. Sy sidesteps (vi). 　 Example: 閃避一拳 to sidestep a blow (= to dodge/to duck a blow) shan3 bi4 yi quan2 迴避議題/責任/記者提問/法規 to sidestep issues/responsibility/reporters’ question/regulations huei2 bi4 yi4 ti2/ze2 ren4/ji4 zhe3 ti2 wen4/fa3 guei 吃驚的旁觀者閃避飛來的球 The startled spectator sidestepped (vi) away from the oncoming ball. (= to step suddenly aside) Chi jing de pang2 guan zhe3 shan3 bi4 fei lai2 de qiou2 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 12, 2015 (Monday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (6 of 10): to duck (duhk)(vt, vi): Definition (低頭/低身) 閃躲(拳擊etc.); 迴避(工作); 逃避 (責任); (突然/快速)低(頭/身); 閃躲(某人) (Di tou2/di shen) shan2 duo3 (quan2 ji2 etc.); huei2 bi4 (gong zuo4) ; tao2 bi4 (ze2 ren4) ; (tu2 ran2/kuai4 shu4) di (tou2/shen); shan2 duo3 (mou3 ren2) 　 to duck (vt): (低頭/低身) 閃躲(拳擊etc.) to avoid, to evade a blow by or as if by bobbing down the head or suddenly stooping out of the way; 迴避(工作) to avoid, to evade an unpleasant task, etc.; 逃避 (責任) (informal) to escape a duty, etc. to duck (vt, vi): (突然/快速)低(頭/身) to lower (the head/body) suddenly or quickly; 閃躲(某人) (informal) to escape or to escape from a person 　 Sentence pattern: Sy ducks sg. Sy ducks sy else. Sy ducks into/out of sg. 　 Example: 閃躲一記重右拳 to duck a hard right (= to sidestep purposefully; note: ‘to duck a blow’ is close to ‘to sidestep a blow’ but may be more purposeful.) shan2 duo3 yi ji4 zhong4 you4 quan2 　逃避問題/責任/責難/承諾 to duck a question, duty, responsibility, blame, commitment tao2 bi4 wen4 ti2/ze2 ren4/ze2 nan4/cheng2 nuo4 　大多數參議員想迴避該問題 Most of the Senate wanted to duck the issue. Da4 duo shu4 can yi4 yuan2 xiang3 huei2 bi4 gai wen4 ti2 　他們彼此閃躲達數月之久 They have been ducking each other for months. Ta men2 bi2 ci3 shan2 duo3 da2 shu4 yue4 zhi jiou3 教宗迴避與達賴喇嘛會面 Francis ducks meeting with Dalai Lama; he doesn’t want to upset the possibility of closer relations with the PRC. (Agence France Press, December 12, 2014) Jiao4 zong huei2 bi4 yü3 Dalai Lama huei4 mian4 　他在講台上向各位鞠躬然後奔下台階 She ducked her head to everyone on the platform, and ran down the steps. (= to lower the head or body/to bow) Ta zai4 jiang3 tai2 shang4 xiang4 ge4 wei4 jü2 gong ran2 hou4 ben xia4 tai2 jie 　在他們看到我們之前我們最好閃躲到柱子後 We’d better duck (vi) behind a pillar before they see us. (= to move suddenly aside or to and fro to avoid sg) Zai4 ta men2 kan4 dao4 wo3 men2 zhi qian2 wo3 men2 zuei4 hao3 shan2 duo3 dao4 zhu4 zi hou4 　一看到警察他閃過屋角閃進巷子裡 At sight of the officer, he ducked (vi) around the corner and into an alley. (= to move quickly and often surreptitiously as to escape danger or observation/to disappear suddenly) Yi kan4 dao4 jing3 cha2 ta shan3 guo4 wu jiao3 shan3 jin4 xiang4 zi3 li3 (閃)逃出教室 to duck out of the class (shan3) tao2 chu jiao4 shi4 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 10, 2015 (Saturday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (5 of 10): to dodge (doj)(vt, vi): Definition (突然) 閃避 (某物) (vt, vi); 迴避(問題/責任)(vt, vi); 閃避(他人) (vt); 敷衍 (vi) 　 to dodge (vt): (突然) 閃避 (某物) to avoid, to evade, to elude, to duck by a sudden shift of position or by moving suddenly or quickly in an unexpected direction; 迴避(問題/責任) to evade (questions, responsibilities, etc.) by strategy, cleverness, or trickery; 閃避(他人) to avoid an encounter with by suddenly turning aside to dodge (vi): (突然) 閃避 (某物) to move aside or change position suddenly as to avoid a blow or get behind sg; 迴避(問題/責任) to evade (questions, responsibilities, etc.) by strategy, cleverness, or trickery; 敷衍 to minimize a presentation of facts, etc. 　 Sentence pattern: Sy dodges sg. Sy dodges sy else. Sy dodges. 　 Example: 閃避一連串子彈 to dodge a hail of bullets (= to evade by repeated shift of position) shan3 bi4 yi lian2 chuan4 zi3 dan4 　我抬頭剛好來得及閃避從4th樓公寓掉下的窗架 I looked up just in time to dodge a window frame falling from a fourth-story apartment. Wo3 tai2 tou2 gang hao3 lai2 de2 ji2 shan3 bi4 cong2 si4 lou2 gong yü4 diao4 xia4 de chuang jia4 他閃避第一拳挨了第二拳 He dodged the first punch and was hit by the second. Ta shan3 duo3 di4 yi quan2 ai le di4 er4 quan2 她指責他迴避做父母之責任 She accused him of dodging his responsibilities as a parent. Ta zhi3 ze2 ta huei2 bi4 zuo4 fu4 mu3 zhi ze2 ren4 　被直接質問時, 他迴避問題 When asked a direct question, he dodges (vi). Bei4 zhi2 jie zhi2 wen4 shi2 ta huei2 bi4 men4 ti2 這些年輕男人出國逃避兵役 Those young men dodged the draft by leaving the country (= to evade a responsibility, etc.) Zhe4 xie nian2 qing nan2 ren2 chu guo2 tao2 bi4 bing yi4 　他們從後門離去閃躲掉記者們 They managed to dodge the reporters by leaving through the back exit. Ta men2 cong2 hou4 men2 li2 qü4 duo3 diao4 ji4 zhe3 men2 　在人群中她閃避他 She dodged him in the crowd. (= to avoid an encounter with by suddenly turning aside) Zai4 ren2 qun2 zhong ta bi4 kai ta 他閃躲到門後 He dodged (vi) behind the door. (= to make a sudden movement in a new direction) Ta shan3 duo3 dao4 men2 hou4 　他在人群中閃進閃出 He dodged (vi) in and out among the crowd. Ta zai4 ren2 qun2 zhong shan3 jin4 shan3 chu 　他絕不敷衍絕不求助於索然無味的一般做法 He never dodges (vi), never seeks refuge in platitudinous generalities. (= to minimize a presentation of sg) Ta jue2 bu4 fu yan3 jue2 bu4yi3 yi ban zuo4fa3 hun4 hun4 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 8, 2015 (Thursday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (4 of 10): to elude (ih-LOOD)(vt): Definition 逃脫(某人追捕); 迴避(責任); 使人困惑不解 Tao2 tuo (mou3 ren2 zhuei bu3); huei2 bi4 (ze2 ren4); shi3 ren2 kun4 huo4 bu4 jie3 to elude (vt): 逃脫(某人追捕) to escape, to evade pursuit by speed, cleverness, trickery, dexterity, craft; 迴避(責任) to avoid fulfillment of an obligation; 使人困惑不解to escape the understanding by/to baffle 　 Sentence pattern: Sy eludes sy else. Sy eludes sg. Sg eludes sy. 　 Example: 殺手逃過警察 The killer was able to elude the police. Sha shou3 tao2 guo4 jing3 cha2 　他裝可憐迴避法律 He eludes law by piteous looks aloft. (= to get around law) Ta juang ke3 lian2 huei2 bi4 fa3 lü4 他們逃避責任 They’re eluding their responsibilities. Ta men2 tao2 bi4 ze2 ren4 我不懂這答案 The answer eludes me. (= to escape the understanding, perception, or appreciation of) Wo3 bu4 dong3 zhe4 da2 an4 病因持續困惑研究人員 The cause of the disease continued to elude researchers. Bing4 yin che2 xü4 kun4 huo4 yan2 jiou4 ren2 yan2 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 5, 2015 (Monday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (3 of 10): to evade (ih-VEYD)(vt): Definition 逃脫(他人追捕); 避免(直接回答問題); 繞過, 迴避 (法律/義務) Tao2 tuo (ta ren2 zhuei gan3); bi4 mian3 (huei2 da2 wen4 ti2); rao4 guo4, huei2 bi4 (fa3 lü4/yi4 wu4) 　 to evade (vt): 逃脫(他人追趕) to escape, to escape from pursuit by cleverness, trickery, or maneuver; 避免(直接回答問題)(vt, vi) to avoid answering directly (a question); 繞過, 迴避 (法律/義務) to get around (a law, duty, etc.), to shirk, to dodge; 　 Sentence pattern: Sy evades sy else (= to escape sy/to escape from sy) Sy evades sg. Sg evades sy (= to baffle) 　 Example: 罪犯躲過警察 The criminals have managed to evade the police. (= to escape from) Zhuei4 fan4 duo3 guo4 jing3 cha2 　密室和秘密出口是用來躲避警察 The secret rooms and exits are used to evade the police. Mi4 shi4 han4 mi4 mi4 chu kou3 shi4 yong4 ;lai2 duo3 bi4 jing3 cha2 　逃避義務 to evade an obligation (= to avoid fulfilling sg, to avoid fulfillment of a responsibility) tao2 bi4 yi4 wu4 　躲法律/躲法規 to evade laws/to evade rules (= to get around by trickery, by craft, by slyness) duo2 fa3 lü4/duo2 fa3 guei 一位善於逃避直接回答難題的政客 a politician skilled at evading difficult questions yi wei4 shan4 yü2 tao2 bi4 nan2 ti2 de zheng4 ke4 　我怕戰時逃避兵役的男人 I have a horror of the man who evaded the service during the war. (= to manage to avoid Wo3 pa4 zhan4 shi2 tao2 bi4 bing yi4 de nan2 ren2 　有些人利用法律漏洞逃稅 Some people use every loophole in the law to evade paying taxes or to evade taxes. You3 xie ren2 li4 yong4 fa3 lü4 lou4 dong4 tao2 shuei4 　我不懂這答案 The solution evaded me. (= to elude, to escape understanding by sy) Wo3 bu4 dong3 zhe4 da2 an4 智慧在於學會何時躲避, 何時預防, 何時面對(當面抗拒) Wisdom consists in learning when to evade (vi), when to stave off (vi), and when to oppose head on (vi). (= to take refuge in evasion/to use craft or stratagem in escape or avoidance/to avoid facing up to sg/to elude by dexterity) Zhi4 huei4 zai4 yü2 xue2 huei4 he2 shi2 duo3 bi4, he2 shi2 yü4 fang2, he2 shi2 mian4 duei4 (dang mian4 kang4 jü4 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 January 2, 2015 (Friday) Los Angeles 　 Words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (2 of 10): to shirk (shurk)(vt, vi): Definition (因懶惰/懦弱) 迴避 (義務/責任)(vt, vi); 迴避 (見面); 推卸/推諉(責任予他人) (In lan3 duo4/nuo4 ruo4) huei2 bi4 (yi4 wu4/ze2 ren4); huei2 bi4 (jian4 mian4); tuei xie4/tuei wei2 (ze2 ren4 yü2 ta ren2) 　 to shirk (vt): (因懶惰/懦弱) 迴避 (義務/責任)(vt, vi) to avoid, to evade the performance of an obligation because of laziness, lack of courage, fear, cowardice, or distaste; 迴避 (見面) to evade, to dodge meeting sy; 推卸/推諉(責任予他人) shift (a responsibility, etc. ) elsewhere to shirk (vi): to go stealthily, to sneak; to withdraw because of lack of courage; to avoid, to evade the performance of an obligation because of laziness, lack of courage, fear, or distaste;. 　 Sentence pattern: Sy shirks sg Sy shirks doing sg Sy shirks from sg. Sy shirks from doing sg. 　 Example: 那是我的責任我不推卸 That is my duty and I shall not shirk it. Na4 shi4 wuo3 de ze2 ren4 wo3 bu4 tuei xie4 若他能把工作推給別人他會(這樣做) If he could shirk off the work upon the others he would. (= to shift the responsibility elsewhere) Ruo4 ta neng2 ba3 gong zuo4 tuei gei3 bie2 ren2 ta huei4 (zhe4 yang4 zuo4) 　他從不推卸責任 He never shirked (vi) from doing his duty. Ta cong2 bu4 tuei xie4 ze2 ren4 　昨天在人群裡我避開他的注視 I shirked his gaze in the crowd yesterday. (= to evade meeting sy) Zuo2 tian zai4 ren2 qun2 li3 wo3 bi4 kai ta de zhu4 shi4 　迴避(避不)(vt)見面 to escape meeting sy to shirk meeting sy to evade meeting sy to dodge meeting sy to duck meeting sy huei2 bi4 (bi4 bu4) jian4 mian4 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 December 29, 2014 (Monday) Los Angeles 　 Ten words meaning ‘to avoid’ in various contexts (1 of 10): to eschew (es-CHOO)(vt): Definition (基於道德或實務考量)完全迴避 (某事/物) (ji yü2 dao4 de2 huo4 shi2 wu4 kao3 liang2) wan2 quan2 huei2 bi4 (mou3 shi4/wu4) 　 to eschew (vt): (基於道德或實務考量)完全迴避 (某事/物) to avoid, to shun, to abstain from, to keep away from, to keep clear of, sg wrong, inappropriate, distasteful, disliked, harmful on moral or practical grounds and through cleverness eschewal (n) 　 Sentence pattern: Sy eschews sg (evil, violence; flesh and fowl; smoking; public life, involvement in politics, responsibility, etc.) 　 Example: 柯文哲棄(避) 西裝領帶只穿白襯衫會媒體 Ko Wenje eschewed suit and tie for white shirt when he met the press. (Yahoo news) Ko Wenje qi4 (bi4) xi zhuang ling3 dai4 zhi3 chuan bai2 chen4 shan huei4 mei2 ti3 　部長迴避涉入地方政治因為他不想削減其社區威望 The minister eschews involvement in local politics, since he doesn’t want to diminish his moral authority in the community. (= to get away from a responsibility through cleverness or trickery) Bu4 zhang3 huei6 bi4 she4 ru4 di4 fan zheng4 zhi4 in wei4 ta bu4 xiang3 xiao ruo4 qi2 she4 qü wei wang4 　被引見生人時他棄 (避)繁文縟節 When introduced to a stranger, he eschewed formalities Bei4 in3 jian4 sheng ren2 shi2 ta qi4 (bi4 mian3) fan2 wen2 ru4 jie2 　一般素食者只是不(避) 吃魚肉禽類 The normal vegetarian only eschews fish, flesh, and fowl. Yi4 ban su4 shi2 zhe3 zhi3 shi4 bu4 chi yü2 rou4 qin2 lei4 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 December 15, 2014 (Monday) Los Angeles 　 to spook (spook)(vt, vi): Definition 有鬼 (vt); 嚇壞 (動物,人)(vt); (替人)抓刀 (vt); (動物) 嚇跑/嚇呆 (vi) you2 guei3 (vt); xia4 huai4 (dong4 wu4, ren2)(vt); (ti4 ren2)zhua dao (vt); (dong4 wu4) xia4 pao3/xia4 dai (vi) 　 to spook (vt): 有鬼 (of a ghost) to inhabit, to haunt as a spook; 嚇壞 (動物) to stir or excite (a horse, steer) by frightening, to make frightened or frantic, to startle into violent activities such as stampeding; 嚇壞 (人) (informal) to frighten, to scare a person often so as to make run, freeze, or tremble; (替人)抓刀 to ghostwrite to spook (vi): (動物) 嚇跑/嚇呆 (informal) to flee, scramble, tremble, stampede, or balk as a result of fright, to become frightened or scared 　 spook (n): Definition 鬼; 怪人; 抓刀人; 黑人; 間牒 Guei3; guai4 ren2; zha dao ren2; hei ren2; jian die2 　 spook (n): 鬼 (informal) a ghost, specter, apparition; 怪人 (slang) an eccentric or strange person; 抓刀人 (slang) a ghostwriter; 黑人 (slang, extremely disparaging and offensive) a black man; 間諜 a spy, an undercover agent, an espionage agent 　 spookish (a) 　 Sentence pattern: Sg spooks a place Sg spooks an animal. Sg spooks sy. Sy spooks a book etc. An animal spooks at sg. 　 Example: 有鬼 (vt): 武力如鬼魂般侵襲歐洲 forces that spook the old world (= to haunt/to inhabit or visit as a spook) wu3 li4 ru2 guei3 hun2 ban qin xi2 ou zhou 　嚇壞 (動物) (vt): 整群動物被嚇跑奔入山裡 The entire herd got spooked and stampeded into the mountains. 　 (動物) 嚇跑/嚇呆 (vi): 飛機飛過時狼群嚇跑了 Wolves would spook (vi) as the plane flew over. (= to flee, etc.) Fei ji fei guo4 shi2 lang2 qun2 xia4 pao3 le 　嚇壞 (人) (vt): 那些小孩整夜把我嚇壞了(海明威) Those kids had me spooked all night --- they wanted to kill somebody. (Ernest Hemingway) Na4 xie xiao3 hai2 zheng3 ye4 ba2 wo3 xia4 huai4 le (nai3 ming2 wei) 　 (替人)抓刀(vt): 他替這位演員寫回憶錄 He spooked the reminiscences of the actor. (= to ghostwrite the reminiscences) Ta ti4 zhe4 wei4 yan3 yuan2 xie3 huei2 yi4 lu4 　鬼魂 (n): 西洋鬼節指當天夜裡鬼怪和妖精成群外遊 Halloween is the night when spooks and goblins are said to roam abroad. (= the soul of a dead person thought of as appearing to the living people) Xi yang2 guei3 jie2 zhi3 dang tian ye4 li3 guei3 guai4 he2 yao jing cheng2 qun2 wai4 you2 　抓刀人(n): 他是職業槍手代人寫小說 He is a professional spook who ghostwrites novels. Ta shi4 zhi2 ye4 qiang shou3 dai4 ren2 xie3 xiao3 shuo 　間諜(n): 蘇聯垮台後蘇俄召回其間牒 Russia recalled its spooks after the collapse of the Soviet Union. (= spy) Su lian2 kua3 tai2 hou4 su e4 zhao4 huei2 qi2 jian die2 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 December 12, 2014 (Friday) Los Angeles 　 to stymie (STAHY-mee) (vt): Definition 阻擋/妨礙 (vt); (某人)無法解決(問題)(vt, often passive) Zu2 dang3/fang2 ai4 (vt); (mou3 ren2) wu2 fa3 jie3 jue2 (wen4 ti2) 　 stymie (n): 妨礙球 fang2 ai4 qiu2 　 to stymie (vt): 阻擋/妨礙 to hinder, to block, to obstruct, to thwart, to stand in the way of, to put an obstacle to sg; (某人)無法解決(問題) to prevent the accomplishment of, to prevent sy from achieving a purpose, to defeat one's attempt to resolve a difficulty 　 stymie (n): 妨礙球 (golf) (formerly) an instance of an opponent’s ball blocking the line between the hole and your ball about to be played on the putting green/an obstructing ball; figuratively, a situation of obstruction, a thoroughly thwarting situation, a situation presenting such difficulties as to defeat attempt to deal with or resolve it, an obstacle, an obstruction; an obstructing ball may now be lifted and replaced by a marker 　 Sentence pattern: Sy stymies sg. to stymie one’s effort/attempt/plan/initiative to do sg Sg stymies sg else. Sg stymies sy/sy is stymied by sg (= to prevent sy from achieving a purpose) 　 Example: 他擋了我成功之路 He has stymied my path to success! Ta dang3 le wo3 cheng2 gong zhi lu4 　任何妨礙發展/創新/進步/進行/交易之物 Whatever stymies development, innovation, advancement, progress, transaction ren4 he2 fang2 ai4 fa zhan3/chang4 xin/jin4 bu4/jin4 xing2/jiao yi4 　缺$ 妨礙了計畫之進行 Lack of money has stymied the progress on the project. Que qian2 fang2 ai4 le ji4 hua4 zhi jin4 xing2 　兇猛的暴風雪擋了救難人員尋找迷路登山人之企圖心 The raging blizzard stymied the rescuers’ attempts to find the stranded mountain climbers. (= to create difficulty for the work of) Xiong meng3 de bao4 feng xue3 dang3 le jiou4 nan4 ren2 yuang2 xun2 zhao3 mi2 lü4 deng shan ren2 zhi qi4 tu2 xin 　遭遇一些人可能無法解決之障礙l to encounter obstacles that might stymie some individuals zao yü4 ke3 neng2 ka3 zhü4 (dang3 zhu4) yi4 xie ren2 zhi zhang4 ai4 　我解不開這數學問題 I was stymied by the math question. Wo3 bei4 shü4 xue2 wen4 ti2 ka3 zhü4 (dang3 zhu4) 　這問題難倒我了 The issue stymies me/I'm stymied by the issue! 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 December 8, 2014 (Monday) Los Angeles 　 to rev (rev) up (vt, vi): Definition 加速(引擎)(vt), (引擎)加速(vi); 活絡(經濟 etc.)(vt), (經濟 etc.)活絡(vi); 激發(激情)(vt), (激情)飛揚(vi) Jia su4 (in3 qing2)(vt), (in3 qing2) jia su4; huo2 luo4 (jing ji4 etc.)(vt), (jing ji4 etc.) huo2 luo4; ji fa (ji qing2)(vt), (ji qing2) fei yang2)(vi) 　 to rev up (vt, vi): 加速(引擎)(vt)(of an engine) to increase rpms of an engine/to accelerate (vt) sharply, (引擎)加速(vi) (of an engine) to accelerate (vi); 活絡(經濟 etc.)(vt) to make more active or effective/to increase in activity or strength, (經濟 etc.)活絡(vi) to become more active or effective/to become revved up; 激發(激情)(vt) to stir up, to excite, to stimulate in anticipation, (激情)飛揚(vi) to become more excited in anticipation 　 Sentence pattern: Sy revs up sg Sy revs up. (= to become excited) Sg revs up. Sy revs up sy else. (= to excite sy else) 　 Example: 加速引擎 to rev up the engine (= to increase the speed of revolution of an engine) jia su4 in3 qing2 　引擎加速 The engine revved (vi) up. (= to operate at high speed/to accelerate sharply) In3 qing2 jia su4. 活絡 (vt) 經濟 revving up the economy (= to make more active or effective) huo2 luo4 (vt) jing ji4 　經濟開始活絡 (vi) The economy is beginning to rev (vi) up Jing ji4 kai shi3 huo2 luo4 　三人飆摩托車 Three people are revving up motor-bikes. San ren2 biao mo2 duo che 　黨官激發群眾的激情 The party officials revved up the crowd. (= to stir up, to excite, to stimulate in anticipation) Dang3 guan ji fa qun2 zhong4 de ji qing2 參加舞會的人激情飛揚 The partygoers were revving (vi) up. (- to become more excited in anticipation) Can jia wu3 huei4 de ren2 ji qing2 fei yang2 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 November 29, 2014 (Saturday) Los Angeles 　 to spawn (spawn)(vt, vi): Definition 水中動物產一堆卵或精子 (vt, vi); 產生(vt); 大量產生(vt) shuei3 zhong dong4 wu4 chan3 yi4 duei luan3 huo4 jing zi3 (vt, vi);chan3 sheng (vt); da4 liang4 chan3 sheng 　 to spawn (spawn) (vt, vi): 水中動物產一堆卵或精子 (of water animals) to deposit eggs or sperm directly into the water/to lay eggs to spawn (vt): 產生 to engender, generate, or produce/to bring forth, to give birth to, to give rise to; 大量產生 to produce in large numbers or masses, in great quantity, in multitudes 　 Sentence pattern: Sg spawns (vt) sg else. to spawn (vt) a host of, a flurry of, a generation of, a profusion of protests . Fish spawn (vi). 　 Example: 健康食品熱產生數百萬元產值的企業 The health-food craze spawned a multimillion-dollar industry. Jian4 kang shi2 pin3 re4 chan3 sheng shu4 bai3 wan4 yuan2 chan3 zhi2 de qi4 ye4 　貧民窟滋生(產生) 犯罪元素 Slums spawn the criminal elements. Pin2 min2 ku zi sheng (chan3 sheng) fan4 zuei4 yuan2 su4 　無知或誤解常引起 (產生) 不耐與惱怒 Ignorance or misunderstanding often spawns impatience and irritation. Wu2 zhi huo4 wu4 jie3 chang2 yin2 qi3 (chan3 sheng) bu2 nai4 yü3 nao3 nu4 　這點子引起 (產生) 爭議 The idea spawned controversy. Zhe4 dian3 z3 yin2 qi3 (chan3 sheng) zheng yi4 　豐沛雨量長出 (產生) 許多沙漠野花 Abundant rains, spawning a profusion of desert wild flowers Feng pei4 yü3 liang4 zhang3 chu (chan3 sheng) xü3 duo sha mo4 ye3 hua 　他的突然消失造成 (產生) 許多謠言 His sudden disappearance spawned many rumors. (= to give rise to/to give birth to) Ta de tu2 ran2 xiao shi zao4 cheng2 (chan3 sheng) xü3 duo yao2 yan2 這電視秀引起 (產生) 許多模仿秀 The TV show spawned a host of imitations. Zhe4 dian4 shi4 xiou4 yin2 qi3 (chan3 sheng) xü3 duo mo2 fang3 xiou4 　這些話引發 (產生) 許多活動 These words spawn a flurry of activity. Zhe4 xie hua4 yin3 fa (chan3 sheng) xü3 duo huo2 dong4 　鮭魚往上游游回出生地產卵 Salmon swim upstream to the place where they were hatched and spawn (vi) there. Guei yü2 wang3 shang4 you2 you2 huei2 chu sheng de4 chan3 luan3 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 November 23, 2014 (Sunday) 　 blitz (blits)(a): Definition 行動迅速的(a) Xing2 dong4 xun4 su4 de 　 blitz (a): 行動迅速的like a blitz in speed and effectiveness 　 Sentence pattern: blitz sg (prenominal) 　 Examples: 行動迅速的地面部隊 blitz ground units xing2 dong4 xun4 su4 de di4 men4 bu4 duei4 快速遊覽歐洲 making a blitz tour of Europe (= like a blitz in speed and effectiveness) kuai4 su4 yu2 lan3 ou zhou 去年車款清倉迅速銷售 clearing last year’s automobile models in a blitz sale (= offering unusual discounts or other advantages to stimulate immediate volume sale in the retail automobile trade qü4 nian2 che kuan3 qing chang xun4 su4 xiao shou4 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 November 22, 2014 (Saturday) John F. Kennedy assassination 51^st anniversary 　 to blitz (vi): Definition 衝撞而行 (vi); 魚群爭食 (vi) Chong zhuang4 er2 xing2; yü2 qun2 zheng shi2 Chong zhuang4 er2 xing2; yü2 qun2 zheng shi2 　 to blitz (vi): 衝撞而行 to move in the manner of a blitz; 魚群爭食 to gather in large numbers to chase and feed on prey or bait 　 Sentence pattern: to blitz through a rough place Fish blitz. 　 Examples: 一台能在丘林地衝撞而行的車子 a car that will blitz through rough terrain (= to move in the manner of a blitz) yi4 tai2 neng2 zai4 qiu lin2 di4 chong zhuang4 er2 xing2 de che zi to blitz (vi): 魚群爭食 (vi): 藍色魚在Great Point 追逐爭食o Bluefish blitz at Great Point. (of fish)(= to gather in large numbers to chase and feed on prey or bait) lan2 se4 yü2 zai4 Great Point zhuei zhu2 zheng shi2 　　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 November 21, 2014 (Friday) to blitz (vt): Definition 密集空襲 (vt); 猛烈攻擊 (vt); 重創 (vt); 擊潰(vt); 摧毀 (vt); 推擠 (vt); (美式足球) 衝撞 (傳球者)(vt) Mi4 ji2 kong xi2; meng3 lie4 gong ji2; zhong4 chuang4; ji2 kuei4; cuei huei3; tuei ji3; (mei3 shi4 zu2 qiu2) chong zhang4 (chuan2 qiu2 zhe3) 　 to blitz (vt): 密集空襲 to attack or defeat with a blitz/to use bombs or artillery against; 猛烈攻擊 to make a vigorous attack on; 重創 to damage by or as if by blitz; 擊潰to defeat with or as if with a blitz/to defeat a competitor decisively)(informal); 摧毀 to destroy/to demolish; 推擠to hustle/to push/to move; (美式足球) 衝撞 (傳球者) to red-dog the passer/to rush the passer/to have a rush on the passer/to charge directly and immediately the passer in football as soon as the ball is snapped 　 Sentence pattern: to blitz a city to blitz sy to blitz sg 　 Examples: 密集空襲 (vt): 在1940 和1941年, 德國空軍連夜密集轟炸倫敦 In 1940 and 1941 the German air force blitzed London night after horrible night. (= to attack or defeat with a blitz/to use bombs or artillery against) Zai4 1940 he2 1941 nian2, de2 guo2 kong jun lian2 ye4 mi4 ji2 hong zha4 lun2 dun 猛烈攻擊 (vt): 一群醫生傾力治病 An army of doctors blitzed the disease. (= to make a vigorous attack on) Yi4 qun2 yi sheng qing li4 zhi4 bing4 　重創 (vt): 上個月國會刪減他們的預算重創他們o Congress blitzed them last month by cutting their budgets. (= to damage by or as if by blitz) Shang4 ge yue4 guo2 huei4 shan jian3 ta men2 de yü4 suan4 zhong chang4 ta men2 擊潰(vt): 客隊擊垮主隊 The visitors really blitzed the home team. (= to defeat as if with a blitz/to defeat a competitor decisively)(informal) Ke4 duei4 ji2 kua3 zhu3 duei4 　摧毀 (vt): 他最後一分鐘的拒絕毀了我們所有的計畫o His last-minute refusal blitzed all our plans. (= to destroy/demolish) Ta zuei4 hou4 yi fen zhong de jü4 jue2 huei3 le wo3 men2 suo2 you3 de ji4 hua4 　推擠 (vt): 我被推擠出午餐櫃檯座位o I was blitzed off my lunch-counter seat. (= to hustle/to push/to move) Wo3 bei4 tuei ji3 chu wu3 can guei4 tai2 zuo4 wei4 　努力促使芝加哥大會提早投票 a drive to blitz the Chicago convention into an early ballot. (= to cause to act without due consideration) nu3 li4 cu4 shi3 zhi jia ge da4 huei4 ti2 zao3 tou2 piao4 (美式足球) 衝撞 (傳球者)(vt): 美式足球後衛衝撞傳球員 The football linebacker blitzed the passer (= to red-dog the passer/to charge directly and immediately as soon as the ball is snapped/to rush the passer in football/to have a rush on the passer) Mei3 shi4 zu2 qiu2 hou4 wei4 chong zhang4 chuan2 qiu2 yuan2 　　　　　神農子教室 November 20, 2014 (Thursday) 　 blitz (blits)(n): Definition (原義)(陸空聯合)猛攻; 密集空襲; (引申) 密集快速行動 (n) (yuan2 yi4)(lu4 kong lian2 he2) meng3 gong; mi4 ji2 kong xi2; (in3 shen) mi4 ji2 xing2 dong4 　 blitz (n): (原義)(陸空聯合)猛攻 Literally, an overwhelming all-out mechanized ground attack or military campaign in close coordination with massed air forces; 密集空襲 an intensive aerial bombing, bombardment, or aerial military campaign or air raid; (引申) 密集快速行動 figuratively, any sudden swift vigorous attack, or concerted effort/any heavy onslaught or attack/a rapid, overwhelming outpouring of many things at once (The word in these senses conveys 3 notions of activities: being intensive多, being swift快, being overwhelming or vigorous猛o) 　 Sentence pattern: an aerial blitz (= an air raid) an advertising blitz, a marketing blitz, a TV-spots blitz a blitz of advertisements or commercials 　 Examples: (陸/空) 猛攻 (n); 空襲 (n): Blitz 是德文blitzkrieg 的縮寫, blitz 指閃電, krieg 指戰爭, blitzkrieg 指閃電戰o ‘Blitz’ is a shortening for ‘blitzkrieg’, with blitz meaning lightening, krieg war, and blitzkrieg, a war conducted with great speed and force such that mobility may be exploited to the fullest) ‘Blitz’ shi4 de2 wen2 ‘blitzkrieg’ de suo xie3, ‘blitz’ zhi3 shan3 dian4, ‘krieg’ zhi3 zhan4 zheng, ‘blitzkrieg’ zhi3 shan3 dian4 zhan4 　大規模空襲本想震撼和嚇壞敵軍迫其立刻投降o a massive aerial blitz that was supposed to shock and awe the enemy into immediate surrender (= the act or action of setting upon with force or violence) ta4 guei mo2 kong xi2 ben2 xiang3 zhen4 han4 he2 xia4 huai4 di2 jun po4 qi2 li4 ke4 tou2 xiang2 　密集快速行動 (n): 中國密集快速打擊貪腐打到一些美國公司o China’s blitz against corruption hits some US companies. Zhong guo2 mi4 ji2 kuai4 su4 da3 ji2 tan fu3 ta3 dao4 yi xie mei3 guo2 gong si 　他的最佳戰略乃在選舉前(幾天) 播出密集電視廣告 His best strategy was a blitz of TV spots just before the election.(= any heavy onslaught, assault, or attack)(= television-spots blitz) ta de zuei4 jia zhan4 lue4 nai3 zai4 xuan3 jü3 qian2 (ji3 tian) bo chu mi4 ji2 dian4 shi4 guang3 gao4 　幾分鐘一次的密集廣告 a blitz of commercials every few minutes ji3 fen zhong yi ci4 de mi4 ji2 guang3 gao4 　　　　神農子教室 November 16, 2014 (Saturday) 　 restitution (n)(-tyoo-): Definition 歸還(失物/竊物); 賠償(損失/傷害); 恢復(原狀) Guei huan2 (shi wu4/qie4 wu4); pei2 chang2(sun3 shi/shang hai4) ; huei fu4 (yuan2 zhuang4) 　 restitution (n)(-tyoo-): 歸還(失物/竊物) giving back sg lost or stolen to its rightful owner; 賠償(損失/傷害) a sum of money paid to sy for his loss sustained, expense incurred, or injury suffered; 恢復(原狀) a return to or restoration of a previous state or position 　 Sentence patterns : restitution of sg lost or stolen to the owner (= return) to make or pay restitution to sy for loss or damage (= payment or repayment) to pay $1,000 in restitution restitution of sg to a previous state (= restoration) 　 Examples : 歸還(失物/竊物): 歸還失物或竊物予原物主 restitution of sg lost or stolen to its rightful owner guei huan2 shi wu4 huo4 qie4 wu4 ü3 yuan2 wu4 zhu3 　竊賊主動歸還竊物 the voluntary restitution of the stolen property by the thief qie4 zei2 zhu3 dong4 guei huan2 qie4 wu4 　設法討回充公之藝術品 to seek return or restitution of the confiscated works of art she4 fa3 tao3 huei2 chong gong zhi yi4 shu4 pin3 　賠償(損失/傷害): 賠償法 restitution law pei2 chang2 fa3 　商業賠償 commercial restitution shang yie4 pei2 chang2 　賠償刑事犯罪之受害者 to make or pay restitution to the victim of the crime pei2 chang2 xing2 shi4 fan4 zuei4 zhi shou4 hai4 zhe3 　恢復(原狀): 重建與恢復圖書館 reconstruction and restitution of the library chong2 jian4 ü3 huei fu4 tu2 shu guan3 　取消與復原 cancellation and restitution qü3 xiao ü3 fu4 yuan2 　無須復權 Restitution of rights is unnecessary. Wu2 xü fu4 quan2 　很有望復職 The prospect for restitution of his previous position is great. (= reinstatement) Hen3 you3 wang4 fu4 zhi2 　　　　 November 11, 2014 (Tuesday) 　 to opine (oh-pahyn)(vt, vi): Definition 表示意見 (verb) biao3 shi4 yi4 jian4 　 to opine (oh-pahyn)(vt, vi): to give a formal opinion on or about sg; to state as an opinion 　 Sentence pattern: to opine (vt) sg to opine (vt) that ---(a clause) to opine (vi) on a subject to opine (vi) about sg 　 Examples: 有學者說隱私與安全的平衡點應該移至後者 Some pundits opine that the balance between privacy and security must shift in favor of the latter. You3 xue2 zhe3 shuo yin3 si yü3 an quan2 de ping2 heng2 dian3 ing gai yi2 zhi4 hou4 zhe3 　任何題目你都可表示意見 You can opine about any subject you like. Ren4 he2 ti2 mu4 ni3 dou ke3 biao3 shi4 yi4 jian4 　老將軍高聲公開談安全政策 Senior generals opine loudly and publicly on security policy. Lao3 jiang jun gao sheng gong kai tan2 an quan2 zheng4 ce4 　有些事我們懂有些事我們只能說說 Some things we know, some we only opine. (= to have or hold an opinion about) you3 xie shi4 wuo3 men2 dong3 you3 xie shi4 wuo3 men2 zhi3 neng2 shuo shuo 　　　　 November 22, 2013 (Friday)(50th anniversary of J. F. Kennedy assassination!) 　 hiatus (hahy-EY-) (n)(I): Definition 中輟; 中隔; 洞口; 不足之處 (4個定義皆表達缺/不連續的概念) Zhong chuo4; zhong ge2; dong4 kou3; bu4 zu2 zhi chu4 　 hiatus (ahy-EY-) (n): a break or interruption in the continuity of a work, action, or series, etc.; a gap or missing part or lacuna (-kyoo-) in a manuscript, series, or logical argument; a natural opening or aperture; an incomplete or deficient area 　 Sentence pattern: Sy is on hiatus from work/sg on hiatus. a 10-year hiatus from writing, etc. a hiatus between 2 buildings, etc. 　 hiatus (hahy-EY-) (n)(II): Example: 中輟: 中輟10年後, 學校恢復教學 The school resumed its program last year after a 10-year hiatus. Zhong chuo4 shi2 nian2 hou4, xue2 xiao4 hue fu4 jiao xue2 　他們2人皆休學 They’re both on hiatus from college. Ta men2 er4 ren2 jie xiou xue2 　中隔: 市區和鐵路之間的荒草空地 the weedy hiatus between the town and railway Shi4 qü han4 tie3 lu4 zhi jian de huang cao3 kong4 di4 黨的理論和實務之間的距離 the hiatus between the theory and the practice of the party (= gap) dang3 de li3 lun4 han4 shi2 wu4 zhi jian de jü4 li2 學者試圖解釋中世紀文件中的空白處 Scholars attempted to account for the hiatus in the medieval manuscript. (= the missing part) Xue2 zhe3 shi4 tu2 jie3 shi4 zhong shi4 ji4 wen2 jian4 zhong de kong4 bai2 chu4 hiatus (hahy-EY-) (n)(III): Example: 洞口: 蒸氣從地上洞口冒出 Steam was rising from an hiatus in the ground. (= a natural aperture or opening) Zheng qi4 cong2 di4 shang4 dong4 kou3 mao4 chu 不足之處: 法律缺口使地方檢察官無法起訴犯法者 a hiatus in the law which prevented district attorney from prosecuting offenders. (= a deficient area) fa3 lü4 que kou3 shi3 di4 fang jian3 cha2 guan wu2 fa3 qi3 su4 fan4 fa3 zhe3 　　　　　 October 18, 2013 (Friday) 　 virulence (n)(vir-): (菌/病毒之)高致病毒性; (病之)惡毒; (話之)惡毒 (jün4/bing4 du2 zhi)gao zhi4 bing4 du2 xing4;(bing4 zhi)e4 du2;(hua4 zhi) e4 du2 virulence (n): the state of being virulent (highly pathogenic/extremely poisonous or venomous; extremely bitter/harsh) virulence (vir-)(n): high pathogenicity or malignancy (high disease-producing capacity) of a microorganism; venomousness; extreme bitterness. 　 Sentence pattern: the virulence of a pathogen/disease/comment/criticism 　　 Example: 一種病毒之高致病毒性/一種病之惡毒 the virulence of a virus/the virulence of a disease yi zhong3 bing4 du2 zhi gao zhi4 bing4 xing4/yi zhong3 bing4 zhi e4 du2 　他的評語惡毒昭然 the striking virulence of his comments ta de ping2 yü3 e4 du2 zhao ran2 該批評之惡毒我很驚訝 I was surprised by the virulence of the criticism Gai pi ping2 zhi e4 du2 wo3 hen3 jing ya4 　她痛罵他用語之惡毒讓他非常生氣 He is enraged at the virulence of her invective against him. (invective = vehement denunciation or verbal attack) Ta tong4 ma4 ta yong yü3 zhi e4 du2 rang4 ta fei chang2 sheng qi4 　　　　　 October 16, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 to expostulate (vi): 勸人勿做某事(反對某人做某事) Quan4 ren2 wu4 zuo4 mou3 shi4 (fan3 duei4 mou3 ren2 zuo4 mou3 shi4) 　 to expostulate (-spos-)(vi): to reason (with sy) in order to dissuade from an action, measure etc./to reason with sy against sg that person intends to do or has done/to remonstrate 　 Sentence pattern: to expostulate with sy against/about/regarding sg Example: 勸一位倔強的人毫無用處 It’s useless to expostulate with a stubborn man. Quan4 yi wei4 jue2 jiang4 de ren2 hao2 wu2 yong chu4 　記者會上的記者反對報導时偏好一方 Reporters at this press conference expostulated against playing favorites. (to play favorites = to display favoritism, i.e. giving special treatment to sy or some group) Ji4 zhe3 huei4 shang4 de ji4 zhe fan3 duei4 bao4 dao3 shi2 pian hao4 yi fang 　他父親勸他說賭博是邪惡之事 His father expostulated with him about the evils of gambling. Ta fu4 qin quan4 ta shuo du3 bo2 shi4 xie2 e4 zhi shi4 　　　　　 October 15, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 to remonstrate (-mon-)(vi)(I): 勸人勿做某事(反對某人做某事) Quan4 ren2 wu4 zuo4 mou3 shi4 (fan3 duei4 mou3 ren2 zuo4 mou3 shi4) 　 to remonstrate (vi): to present reasons in opposition/to say in protest, objection, disapproval, or opposition/to expostulate (-spos-). Sentence pattern: to remonstrate with sy against/about/regarding sg 　 Example: 該選區選民有機會勸當局勿建立該機構 The registered voters of the district are then provided an opportunity to remonstrate against the establishment of the organization. Gai xuan3 qü xuan3 min2 you3 ji huei4 quan4 dang jü2 wu4 jian4 li4 gaqi ji9 gou4 　她勸兒子改掉某些習慣 She remonstrated with her son regarding his habits Ta quan4 er2 zi gai3 diao4 mou3 xie xi2 guan4 我有禮貌的勸他勿亂丟垃圾他生氣了 He got angry when I politely remonstrated with him about littering. Wo3 you2 li3 mao4 de quan4 ta wu4 luan4 diu le se4 ta sheng qi4 le 我勸她不要勸她父親了他的心意已定 I discouraged her from remonstrating with her father, whose mind was obviously made up. Wo3 quan4 ta bu2 yao4 quan4 ta fu4 qin le ta de xin yi4 yi3 ding4 　 October 15, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 to remonstrate (-mon-)(vi)(II): 勸人勿做某事(反對某人做某事) Quan4 ren2 wu4 zuo4 mou3 shi4 (fan3 duei4 mou3 ren2 zuo4 mou3 shi4) 　 Example 有時候, 時機來了, 寶釵會嘗試勸勸寶玉, 但她的勸告會被氣憤的拒絕 From time to time, as opportunity presented itself, Baochai would attempt to remonstrate with baoyu; but her remonstrances would be indignantly rejected. You3 shi2 hou4 shi2 ji lai2 le bao3 chai huei4 chang2 shi4 quan4 quan4 bao3 yü4 dan4 ta de quan4 gao4 huei4 bei4 qi4 fen4 de jü4 jue2 “為何像你如此純真甜美的女孩要學那群鬼般偷偷摸摸的鑽營獵等的傢伙,” 他會說, “腦袋煩於 ‘名譽’ 和 ‘口碑’等等無聊的東西? --- 那全然是你與生俱來的聰明才智的濫用” “Why should a pure, sweet girl like you want to go imitating that ghastly crew of thievish, place-hunting career worms, ” he would say, “bothering her head about ‘fame’ and ‘reputation’ and all that sort of rubbish? --- It’s a rank abuse of the intellectual gifts you were born with.” “wei4 he2 xiang4 ni3 ru2 ci3 chuen2 zhen tian2 mei3 de nü3 hai2 yao4 xue2 na4 qun2 guei3 ban tout ou mo mo de zuan ying2 lie4 deng3 de jia huo3, ” ta huei4 shuo, “nao3 dai4 fan2 yü2 ming2 ‘yü4’ han4 ‘kou3 bei’ deng2 deng3 wu2 liao2 de dong xi? --- na4 quan2 ran2 shi4 ni3 yü3 sheng jü4 lai2 de cong ming2 cai2 zhi4 de lan4 yong4 (to be continued) “””” 　　　　　 October 15, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 to remonstrate (-mon-)(vi)(III): 勸人勿做某事(反對某人做某事) Quan4 ren2 wu4 zuo4 mou3 shi4 (fan3 duei4 mou3 ren2 zuo4 mou3 shi4) 　 Example 聽他說得如此狂妄, 勸說者(寶釵)斷定他是有點生氣, 最後終於放棄和他認真o Hearing him talk so wildly, the remonstrator concluded that he was slightly mad, and eventually gave up trying to be serious with him. Ting ta shuo de2 ru2 ci3 kuang2 wang4 quan4 shuo zhe3 (Baochai) duang4 ding4 ta shi4 you2 dian3 sheng qi4, zuei4 hou4 zhong yü2 fan5 qi4 han4 ta ren4 zhen 　黛玉是個例外, 她從來不和他說甚麼要 “欣欣向榮” 或 “功成名就” 的話o 這是寶玉非常尊敬黛玉的理由之一o The exception was Daiyu who had never once spoken to Baoyu about the need to “to get on in the world” or “make a name for yourself.” This was one of the reasons why he so much respected her. Daiyü shi4 ge li4 wai4, ta cong2 lai2 bu4 han4 ta shuo she2 mo yao4 “xin xin xiang4 rong2” huo4 “gong cheng2 ming2 jiou4” de hua4o zhe4 shi4 Baoyü fei chang2 zuen jing4 Daiyü de li3 you2 zhi yi (from ‘The Story of the Stone’ 紅樓夢, 牛津大學漢學家 David Hawkes 英譯文, first published 1977) 　　　　　 October 13, 2013 (Sunday) 　 to instill (vt)(I): Definition (長期緩慢)灌輸(某思想etc.); 一次一滴注入 (chang2 qi2 huan3 man4) guan4 shu (mou3 si xiang3 etc.); yi ci4 yi di zhu4 ru4 　 to instill (vt): to infuse or introduce gradually into the mind/to impart gradually over a long period of time/to implant or set permanently in the mindset; to pour in or introduce in drops or drop by drop or a drop at a time 　 Sentence pattern: to instill sg in sy to instill a liquid drop by drop 　　　　　 October 13, 2013 (Sunday) 　 to instill (vt)(II): Example 每2小時在有病的眼睛內滴1至2滴 Instill 1 to 2 drops every 2 hours in the affected eye. Mei3 er4 xiao3 shi2 zai4 you3 bing4 de u`yan3 jing li3 di 1 zhi4 2 di 　在小孩們心中長期灌輸/植入學習的熱忱 Instill (or implant) a love of learning in children (= to impart gradually) Zai4 xiao3 hai2 men2 xing zhong chang2 qi2 guan4 shu/zhi2 ru4 xue2 xi2 de re4 chen2 　人氣望的領袖在他的追隨者心中長期灌輸/植入獻身於理想的熱忱 A charismatic leader instilled in his followers a passionate commitment to the cause Ren2 qi2 wang4 de lingh3 xiou4 zai4 ta de zhuei suei2 zhe3 xin zhong chang2 qi2 guan4 shu/zhi2 ru4 xiang4 shen yü2 li2 xiang3 de re4 chen2 　此法能在受誘惑者心中長期灌輸/植入美德 This is a method to instill virtue in the tempted Ci3 fa2 neng2 zai4 shou4 you4 huo4 zhe3 xin zhong chang2 qi2 guan4 shu/zhi2 ru4 mei3 de2 　大學教育應長期灌輸/植入 (學生的) 好奇心 College education should instill curiosity. Ta4 xue2 jiao4 yü4 ying chang2 qi2 guan4 shu/zhi2 ru4 (xue2 sheng de) hao4 qi2 xin 　他們常散播假故事說他們很兇殘旨在敵人心中注入恐懼和混亂 They would often circulate apocryphal (-pok-) stories about their might and cruelty in order to instill fear and confusion in their enemies (apocryphal = false/spurious) Ta men2 chang3 san4 bo4 jia3 gu4 shi4 shuo ta men2 hen3 xuong can2 zh2 zai4 di2 ren2 xin zhong zhu4 ru4 kong3 jü4 han4 hun4 luan4 　　　　　 October 12, 2013 (Saturday) 　 to embolden (or to imbolden)(-bohl-)(vt): 壯膽(做某事) Zhuang4 dan3 (zuo4 mou3 shi4) 　 to embolden (or to imbolden) (vt): to make bold or bolder/to encourage/to impart boldness or courage to sy to overcome timidity/to instill (infuse gradually or impart gradually) boldness or bravery in sy 　 Sentence pattern: to embolden sy to do sg. 　 Example: 他們(之所為) 壯了極端份子的膽量也在派別緊張上火上加油 They embolden extremists and fuel sectarian tensions. Ta men2 (zhi suo2 wei2) zhuang4 le ji2 duan fen4 zi3 de dan3 liang4 ye3 zai4 pai4 bie2 jin3 zhang shang4 huo3 shang4 jia you2 　這些經歷加強我們的責任感保護環境免於污染威脅 These experiences embolden our sense of duty to protect the environment from the threat of pollution. Zhe4 xie jing li4 jia qiang2 wo3 men2 de ze2 ren4 gan3 bao3 hu4 huan2 jing4 mian3 yü2 wu ran3 wei xie2 　付贖金換回人質只會讓其他海盜更膽大 Paying a ransom to return hostages will only embolden other pirates. Fu4 shu3 jin huan4 huei2 ren2 zhi2 zhi3 huei4 rang4 qi2 ta hai3 dao4 geng4 tan3 ta4 　　　　　 October 9, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 to default (vi, vt)(I): Definition to default (-aw-)(vi): 時間到未還債; 未出席(法院審案); 未出席(體育競賽); 選用電腦原設定; (vt): 時間到未還債; (法官)做缺席判決 Shi2 jian dao4wei4 huan2 zhai4; wei4 chu xi2 (fa3 yuan4 shen3 an4); wei4 chu xi2 (ti3 yü4 jing4 sai4); xuan3 yong dian4 nao3 yuan2 she4 ding4; (vt): Shi2 jian dao4wei4 huan2 zhai4; (fa3 guan) zuo4 que xi2 pan4 jue2 　 to default (vi): to fail to pay a debt when due (in phrases, to default on, to default in); to fail to appear in court (in phrase, to default on); to make a default selection (in phrase, to default to) to default (vt): (a judge) to declare that a party (a plaintiff or defendant) is in default 　 Sentence pattern: to default on a loan to default in the repayment of a loan to default in a sporting contest (computer) to default to sg to default a debt/to default sy 　　　　　 October 9, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 to default (vi, vt)(II): Example 貸款人違約欠債, 銀行可查封房子 If the borrower defaults (on a loan), the bank can take the house. When he defaulted in his payments, the bank foreclosed on his car. If the borrower defaults (vt) a debt, the bank can take the house. Dai4 kuan3 ren2 wei2 yue qian4 zhai4, yin2 hang2 ke3 cha2 feng fang2 zi 　牛津飛行協會(被告) 未出席訴訟案 Oxford Aviation defaulted (vi) on lawsuit/a lawsuit. Niu2 jing fei xing2 xie2 huei4 (bei4 gao4) wei4 chu xi2 su4 song4 an4 　法官判被告審判缺席敗訴 The judge defaulted the defendant. (= to declare that sy is in default) Fa3 guan pan4 bei4 gao4 shen3 pan4 que xi2 bai4 su4 　法官判原告審判缺席撤銷訴訟案 The judge defaulted the plaintiff. Fa3 guan pan4 yuan2 gao4 sheng3 pan4 que xi2 che4 xiao su4 song4 an4 　他體育競賽缺席輸了比賽 He defaulted in a sporting contest and lost it. Ta ti3 yü4 jing4 sai4 que xi2 shu le bi3 sai4 電腦軟體以標準字體大小為原設定 The program defaults to a standard font. Dian4 nao3 ruan2 ti3 yi3 biao zhun3 zi4 ti3 ta4 xiao3 wei2 yuan2 she4 ding4 　　　　　 October 6, 2013 (Sunday) 　 default (n)(I): 倒債/債務違約(未依約定付款還債); (比賽/法院審案)缺席; 無行動/疏失; 缺(某物); (電腦軟體)原始設定 Dao3 zhai4/zhai4 wu4 wei3 yue (wei4 yi yue ding4 fu4 kuan3 huan2 zhai4); (bi3 sai4/fa3 yuan4 shen3 an4) que xi2; wu2 xing2 dong4/shu shi; que (mou3 wu4); (dian4 nao3 ruan2 ti3) yuan2 shi3 she4 ding4 　 default (-aw-)(n): a failure to pay a debt; a failure to compete in an athlete contest (in phrase, by default); a failure to appear in court (in phrase, in default); a failure to act/inaction/neglect (in phrase, by default); absence/lack (in phrase, in default of) ; computer program setting before user overrides it with a new setting of his own 　 Sentence pattern: a default of sg a default against sy to lose sy/sg by default/to win sg by default Sy is in default. in default of sg a default setting, font, or password, etc. 　　　　　 October 6, 2013 (Sunday) 　 default (n)(II): 　 Example 分期付款違約(= 時間到未付款還$) default of his loan terms fen qi2 fu4 kuan3 wei3 yue (= shi2 jian dao4 wei4fu4 kuan3 huan2 $) 未還銀行貸款 a default in the repayment of a bank loan wei4 huan2 yin2 hang2 dai4 kuan3 　由於疏失優勢飛了 a position of advantage lost by mere default you2 yü2 shu shi you shi4 fei le 　由於(他們)無行動他們的最佳客戶跑了 They lost their best client by sheer default. (= inaction) you2 yü2 (ta men2) wu2 xing2 dong4 ta men2 de zuei4 jia ke4 hu4 pao3 le 無競選對手他成了首相 He became prime minister by default (= no opposition) Wu2 jing4 xuan3 duei4 shou3 ta cheng2 le shou3 xiang4 　他未出席比賽輸了 (= 對手出席比賽贏了) He lost the athletic game by default. (= by failure to compete in or to finish a contest) Ta wei4 chu xi2 bi3 sai4 shu le 該電腦軟體原設定的字體大小為何? Which font is the default in that computer program? Gai dian4 nao3 ruan2 ti3 yuan2 she4 ding4 de zi4 ti3 ta4 xiao3 wei2 he2? 　　　　　 October 6, 2013 (Sunday) 　 default (n)(III): 　 Example 缺席判決乃原告或被告一方未出席法院審案法官所做成的判決 (神農子注: 通常出席的一方獲判勝訴) Judgment by default is a judgment entered as a result of the failure of a party to appear in court) Que xi2 pan4 jue2 nai3 yuan2 gao4 huo4 bei4 gao4 yi fang wei4 chu xi2 fa3 yuan4 shen3 an4 fa3 guan suo3 zuo4 cheng2 de pan4 jue2 (shen2 nong2 zi3 zhu4: tong chang2 chu xi2 de yi fang huo4 pan4 sheng4 su4) 　他因未出席法院審案被判敗訴 He lost the case by default. (= failure to appear in court) Ta yin wei4 chu xi2 fa3 yuan4 shen3 an4 bei4 pan4 bai4 su4 　地方法院判他審判缺席 The district court entered a default against him. Di4 fang fa3 yuan4 pan4 ta shen3 pan4 que xi2 　他收到缺席審判敗訴的郵件 A default judgment against her arrived in the mail. Ta shou dao4 que xi2 shen3 pan4 bai4 su4 de you2 jian4 　　　　　 October 6, 2013 (Sunday) 　 default (n)(IV): 　 Example 原告在法院審案時缺席未執行訴訟動作稱為 in default (注: 結果原告訴訟案可能被撤銷) A plaintiff is in default when he has failed to appear in court at the required time to prosecute an action. (Note: as a result the plaintiff may be nonsuited)(to nonsuit a plaintiff = to dismiss the lawsuit against the defendant) Yuan2 gao4 zai4 fa3 yuan4 shen 3 an4 shi2 que xi2 wei4 zhi2 xing2 su4 song4 dong4 zuo4 cheng wei2 in default (zhu4: jie2 guo3 yuan2 gao4 su4 song4 an4 ke3 neng2 bei4 che4 xiao) 　被告在法院審案時缺席未執行辯護動作稱為 in default (注: 被告一方可能被判敗訴) A defendant is in default when he has made no appearance in the case to defend an action. (Note: the defendant may have judgment rendered against him) Bei4 gao4 zai4 fa3 yuan4 shen3 an4 shi2 que xi2 wei4 zhi2 xing2 bian4 hu4 dong zuo4 cheng wei2 in default (zhu4: bei4 gao4 yi fang ke3 neng2 bei4 pan4 bai4 su4) 　魚無水則死 The fish will in default of water die. (= in the lack of) yü2 wu2 shuei3 ze2 si3 無證據不成審判案 In default of evidence there was no trial. Wu2 zheng4 jü4 bu4 cheng2 shen3 pan4 an4 　　　　　 October 3, 2013 (Thursday) 　 rung (ruh-) (n): (原義)(梯子的) 階; (引申)位階 (yuan2 yi4) (ti zi de) jie ; (yin3 shen) wei4 jie 　 rungs (ruh-) (n): Literally, crosspieces forming the steps of a ladder; figuratively, a stage in a scale/a level in a hierarchy. 　 Sentence pattern: on the top/bottom rung of a ladder/hierarchy 　 Example: 他鑽到最高職位 He made his way to the top rung Ta zuan dao4 zuei4 gao zhi2 wei4 他獲選入最高職位 He is elected to the top rung. Ta huo4 xuan3 ru4 zuei4 gao zhi2 wei4 他在公司連升了幾級 He rose a few rungs in the company. Ta zai4 gong si lian2 sheng le ji3 ji2 政治階梯的最低位置 on the bottom rung of the political ladder etc. zheng4 zhi4 jie ti de zuei4 di wei4 zhi4 這些窮人佔據人類階梯的最低層 These poor people occupy the lowest rung of humanity’s ladder. Zhe4 xie qiong2 ren2 zhan4 jü4 ren2 lei4 jie ti de zuei4 di ceng2 社會最高位階/學術圈最低層 the top rung of society/the bottom rung of academic ladder she4 huei4 zuei4 gao wei4 jie/xue2 shu4 quan zuei4 di ceng2 　　　　　 October 2, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 a totem pole (n): (原義) 圖騰柱(美國印地安人的刻有家族圖騰史的柱子); (引申)象徵(有分等級的)一群人的徽章或圖騰 (yuan2 yi4) tu2 teng2 zhu4 (mei3 guo2 yin4 di4 an ren2 de ke4 you3 jia zu2 tu2 teng2 shi3 de zhu4 zi); (yin3 shen) xiang4 zheng (you3 fen deng3 ji2 de) yi qun2 ren2 de huei zhang huo4 tu2 teng2 　 a totem (toh-) pole (n): Literally, a pole on which totems (圖騰) (the emblem of a family or clan) representing family lineage are carved or painted and erected in front of houses by American Indians as a tribal symbol; figuratively, a symbol of a hierarchy. 　 Sentence pattern: high or low on the totem pole 　 Example: 她的位階為何? Where does she stand on the totem pole? Ta de wei4 jie wei4 he2? 　他是低層人員 He is low on the totem pole/low man on the totem pole/at the low end of the totem pole. Ta shi4 di ceng2 ren2 yuan2 　我們必須款待政壇高官 We’ll have to entertain top men on the political totem pole Wo3 men2 bi4 xü kuan3 dai4 zheng4 tan2 gao guan 　 (有等級的)官僚體系 the bureaucratic totem pole (= a hierarchical system) (you2 deng3 ji2 de) guan liao2 ti3 xi4 　　　　　 September 27, 2013 (Friday) 　 murky (-ur-) (a): 黑/陰暗; 茫茫一片(多煙/霧); (語意)模糊/難懂; (顏色)黯淡; 陰森 hei/yin an4; mang2 mang2 yi pian4 (duo yan/wu4); (yü3 yi4) mo2 hu2/nan2 dong3; (yan2 se4) an4 dan4; yin sen 　 murky (a): without light or without much light; foggy/hazy/misty; vague/confused/unclear; dull in color; causing a cheerless atmosphere 　 Sentence pattern: Sg is murky. 　 Example: 森林大火使天空白茫茫一片 The skies were murky with the smoke of forest fires. Sen lin2 ta4 huo3 shi3 tian kong bai2 mang2 mang2 yi pian4 　水色朦朧看不清楚水底下紀念碑 The murky waters obscure the views of submerged monuments. Shuei3 se4 mong2 long2 kan4 bu4 qing chu3 shuei2 di3 xia4 ji4 nian4 bei 　官腔模糊 murky official rhetoric (= having an intentionally veiled or uncertain meaning) guang qiang mo2 hu2 　他對死刑立場模糊 his murky position on the issue of capital punishment ta duei4 si3 xing2 li4 chang3 mo2 hu2 墓地氣氛陰森 the murky shadows of the cemetery (= causing an atmosphere lacking in cheer) mu4 di4 qi4 fen4 yin sen 　　　　　 September 26, 2013 (Thursday) 　 provident (prov-)(a): 細心準備未來的需要(通常說成未雨綢繆); 節儉 Xi4 xin zhun3 bei4 wei4 lai2 de xü yao4 (tong chang2 shuo cheng2 wei4 yü3 chou2 mou2); jie2 jian3 　 provident (a): having foresight in the management of one’s affairs/characterized by or proceeding from foresight/to provide for or against; economical, frugal, or thrifty in the management of money or resources 　 Sentence pattern: Sy is provident/sg provident. 　 Example: 這些未雨綢繆的措施可保我們平安度過颱風的肆虐 These provident measures will keep us safe while waiting out the devastating typhoon. Zhe4 xie wei4 yü3 chou2 mou2 de cuo4 shi ke2 bao3 wo3 men2 ping2 an du4 guo4 tai2 feng de si4 nue4 　你是個未雨綢繆的人 You’re a provident person/you are provident. (= you plan carefully for the future) Ni3 shi4 ge wei4 yü3 chou2 mou2 de ren2 一位未雨綢繆的父親為小孩的教育做準備 A provident father plans for his children’s education. (= providing carefully for the future needs) Yi wei4 wei4 yü3 chou2 mou2 de fu4 qin wei4 xiao3 hai2 de jiao4 yü4 zuo4 zhun3 bei4 　節儉而不吝嗇可以做到 It’s possible to be provident without being miserly. Jie2 jian3 er2 bu4 lin4 se4 ke3 yi3 zuo4 dao4 　　　　　 September 25, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 to eclipse (vt): 引起日月蝕; (把對方)比下去/超越　 to eclipse (vt): to cast a shadow upon/to darken/to obscure; to surpass in importance or power/to overshadow/to outshine 　 Sentence pattern: Sy eclipses sy else/Sg eclipses sg else. 　 Example: 月蝕乃地球影子落在月球上 The lunar eclipse is the earth eclipsing the moon. Yue4 shi2 nai3 di4 qiu2 ying3 zi luo4 zai4 yue4 qiu2 shang4 　中國在前蘇聯中亞幾個共和國的影響力超越俄國 China’s influence eclipses Russia’s across former Soviet republics of central Asia Zhong guo2 zai4 qian2 su lian2 zhong ya4 ji3 ge gong4 he2 guo2 de ying2 xiang3 li4 chao yue4 e4 guo2 　在音樂藝術上這位閃亮的年輕鋼琴家比他的老師更傑出 The brilliant young pianist now eclipsed even his own mentor in musical artistry. (= to be better than) zai4 yin yue4 yi4 shu4 shang4 zhe4 wei4 shang3 liang4 de nian2 qing gang qin2 jia bi3 ta de lao3 shi geng4 jie2 chu 　一些地方迫切問題比大問題如國家經濟更重要 Some burning local issues eclipse bigger concerns such as national economy. Yi4 xie di4 fang po4 qie4 wen4 ti2 bi3 ta4 wen4 ti2 ru2 guo2 jia jing ji4 geng4 zhong4 yao4 　　　　　 September 24, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 to go viral (vi): 在媒體上迅速傳開 Zai4 mei2 ti3 shang4 xun4 su4 chan2 kai to go viral (vi): to spread rapidly and widely by person-to-person electronic communication via media such as the Internet, e-mail, and the like. 　 Sentence pattern: Sg goes viral. 　 Example: 候選人不當言論的鏡頭在幾分鐘內迅速傳開 Footage (scenes) of the candidate’s off-color remarks went viral within minutes. (off-color = of doubtful propriety or taste) Hou4 xuan3 ren2 bu4 dang4 yan2 lun4 de jing4 tou2 zai4 ji3 fen zhong nei4 xun4 su4 chuan2 kai 此字始於西班牙但迅速傳開至世界其他地區縱使尚未傳遍整個銀河系 The word started in Spain but quickly went viral, spreading to the rest of the globe, if not yet the rest of the Milky Way. Ci3 zi4 shi3 yü2 xi ban ya2 dan4 xun4 su4 chuan2 kai zhi4 shi4 jie4 qi2 ta di4 qü zong4 shi3 shang4 wei4 chuan2 pian4 zheng3 ge yin2 he2 xi4 　由數位相機照出來的影片迅速在 Internet上傳開 A video produced by a digital camera went viral on the Internet. You2 shu4 wei4 xiang4 ji zhao4 chu lai2 de ying3 pian4 xun4 su4 zai4 wang3 lu3 shang4 chuan2 kai 　　　　　 September 23, 2013 (Monday) 　 to grandstand (vi): 行為愛現以給看官深刻印象 (通常說成作秀) Xing2 wei2 ai4 xian4 yi2 gei3 kan4 guan shen ke4 yin4 xiang4 (tong chang2 shuo cheng2 zuo4 xio4) 　 grandstand (n): 可容納數千數萬觀眾的看台 Ke3 rong2 na4 shu4 qian shu4 wan4 guan zhong4 de kan4 tai2 　 to grandstand (vi): to conduct oneself showily or ostentatiously in an attempt to impress onlookers grandstand (n): a terraced block of seats in a stadium, racetrack, parade route, etc , which provide a grandstand (unimpeded) view for the spectators 　 Sentence pattern: Sy grandstands. 　 Example: 日本無誠意只是做show而已 Japan is not sincere and genuine but merely grandstanding. Ri4 ben3 wu2 cheng2 yi4 zhi3 shi4 zuo4 xio4 er2 yi3 　只要能達她的目的這位參議員做show不遲疑 The senator doesn’t hesitate to grandstand if it makes her points. Zhi3 yao4 neng2 da2 ta de mu4 di4 zhe4 wei4 can yi4 yuan2 zuo4 xio4 bu4 chi2 yi2 　此非理由定(聯邦政府)舉債上限卻是理由給政客們有機會做show. This is no reason to have a debt ceiling other than to give politicians a chance to grandstand. Ci3 fei li3 you2 ding4 (lian2 bang zheng4 fu3) jü3 zhai4 shang4 xian4 que4 shi4 li3 you2 gei3 zheng4 ke4 men2 you3 ji huei4 zuo4 xio4 　　　　　 September 22, 2013 (Sunday) 　 to batten down the hatches (vt)(成語): 準備應變 Zhun3 bei4 yin4 bian4 　 to batten down the hatches (an idiom): Literally, (used as a command in the navy) to prepare for a storm by fastening down canvas over doorways and hatches (openings) with strips of wood called battens; figuratively, to prepare to meet an emergency or face a great difficulty. 　 Sentence pattern: batten down the hatches/batten down one’s hatches 　 Example: Usagi 颱風來襲PRC 準備應變希望有好運! China battens down the hatches and crosses fingers as typhoon Usagi strikes. (to keep one’s fingers crossed = to wish for good luck or success) Usagi tai2 feng lai2 xi2 PRC zhun3 bei4 yin4 bian4 xi wang4 you2 hao3 yuan4 　大選前政府必須準備應變 The government must batten down its hatches before the election. Ta4 xuan3 qian2 zheng4 fu3 bi4 xü zhun3 bei4 yin4 bian4 　　　　　 September 21, 2013 (Saturday) 　 to foil (vt): 挫敗(某人/某事) Cuo4 bai4 (mou3 ren2/mou2 shi4) 　 to foil (vt): to prevent from achieving a goal/to frustrate/to thwart/to balk 　 Sentence pattern: Sy foils sy else/to foil an attempt, scheme, effort, robbery, etc. 　 Example: to foil sy: 鑽石店員工們打敗(制服)搶匪 Diamond store staff foiled robbers (= to defeat/to repulse) Zuan4 shi2 dian4 yuan2 gong men2 da3 bai4 (zhi4 fu2) qiang2 fei3 to foil an attempt: 效忠部隊打垮了他推翻政府的企圖 Loyal troops foiled his attempt to overthrow the government. Xiao4 zhong bu4 duei4 ta2 kua3 le ta tuei fan zheng fu3 de qi4 tu2 to foil a scheme etc.: 他使陰謀流產 He foiled the plot or scheme (= to bring to naught/to make ineffectual/thwart) Ta shi3 yin mou2 liu2 chan3 to foil an effort: 搶救沙灘上的鯨魚的努力失敗了 The rescue efforts to save beached whale was foiled. Qiang3 jiou4 sha tan shang4 de jing yü2 de nu3 li4 shi bai4 le to foil sg: 政變流產/搶劫失敗 The coup was foiled/the robbery was foiled. Zheng4 bian4 liu2 chan3/qiang3 jie2 shi bai4 　他使陰謀流產 He foiled the plot or scheme (= to make ineffectual) ta shi3 yin mou2 liu2 chan3 　　　　　 September 20, 2013 (Friday) 　 to brook (vt): (不能)忍受 (bu4 neng2) ren3 shou4 　 to brook (vt): to put up with (sg painful or difficult) /to endure/to tolerate/to stand/to bear/to abide/to take/to suffer (usually used in negative constructions) 　 Sentence pattern: to brook no interference, etc. (used in a negative) Sy will not brook anything. 　 Example: 他不容別人干預他的計畫 He would brook no interference with his plans. Ta bu4 rong2 bie2 ren2 gan yü4 ta de ji4 hua4 總統立場堅定記者會上不容發問 The president is so entrenched in his position he brook no questions in the press conference. Zong2 tong3 li4 chang3 jian ding4 ji4 zhe3 huei4 shang4 bu4 rong3 fa wen4 　他們絕不容干預 They never would brook interference. Ta men2 jue2 bu4 rong2 gan yü4 我不容我的員工侮辱我 I will not brook insults from my own employees. Wo3 bu4 rong2 wo3 de yuan2 gong wu3 ru4 wo3 　　　　　 September 18, 2013 (Wednesday) to mend (vt, vi)(IV): 改善個人道德行為 Gai3 shan4 ge4 ren2 dao4 de2 xing2 wei2 　 to mend (vt, vi)(IV): to improve in manners or morals 　 Sentence pattern: to mend one’s ways or manners 　 Example: 指導他改善舉止 Counsel him to mend his ways. (= to improve one’s behavior) Zhi3 dao3 ta gai3 shan4 jü3 zhi2 年輕人你最好改改你的行為 Young man, you had better mend your manners. Nian2 qing ren2 ni3 zuei4 hao3 gai2 gai3 ni3 de xing2 wei2 改邪歸正永遠不遲 It’s never too late to mend. (a proverb)(= to improve morally) Gai3 xie2 guei zheng4 yong3 yuan3 bu4 chi2 拯救國人的道德行為永遠不遲 It’s never too late to mend the nation. Zheng3 jiou4 guo2 ren2 de dao4 de2 xing2 wei2 yong2 yuan3 bu4 chi2 　此惡人乃他們心腹他們正在拯救他的道德行為 They’re mending a bad man who is dear to their tender bosoms. Ci3 e4 ren2 nai3 ta men2 xing fu4 ta men2 zheng4 zai4 zheng3 jiou4 ta de dao4 de2 xing2 wei2 　　　　　　 September 17, 2013 (Tuesday) to mend (vi, vt)(III): 康復/痊癒(vi); 治癒(vt) Kang fu4/quan2 yü4; zhi4 yü4 　 to mend (vi, vt)(III): to improve (vi) in health/to heal (vi)/to recover from an illness; to restore to health/to cure (vt, vi)to recover one’s health 　 Sentence pattern: to mend injury, etc./Injury mends. 　 Example: 傷口痊癒 The injury mends. (vi)(= to heal) Shang kou3 quan2 yü4 　手術後她的手臂慢慢痊癒 Her arm mended slowly after surgery. Shou3 shu4 hou4 ta de shou3 bi4 man4 man4 quan2 yü4 　骨頭完全康復之前 before the bone was fully mended gu3 tou2 wan2 qiuan2 kang fu4 zhi zhong 　時間會治癒斷了的骨頭 Time will mend (vt) the broken bone. Shi2 jian huei4 zhi4 yü4 duan4 le de gu3 tou2 　　　　　　 September 16, 2013 (Monday) to mend (vt, vi)(II): 改善(某事/物) Gai3 shan4 (mou3 shi4/wu4) 　 to mend (vt, vi)(II): to improve or remedy a condition or a state of affairs; to get better/to improve (vi) 　 Sentence pattern: to mend sg Sg mends. 　 Example: 改有錯誤的文章 to mend a corrupt text (= to correct/to remove the defects of) gai3 you3 cuo4 wu4 de wen2 zhang 　嘗試循法律途徑改善事件 to make an attempt to mend matters by a law chang2 shi4 xun2 fa3 lü4 tu2 jing4 gai3 shan4 shi4 jian4 　她的麻煩開始改善中 Her troubles were beginning to mend. (= to grow better) Ta de ma2 fan2 kai shi3 gai3 shan4 zhong 鬱卒和缺乏生氣明顯改善中 Depression and lack of spirit mended visually yü4 zu2 han4 que fa2 sheng qi4 ming2 xian3 gai3 shan4 zhong 　　　　　 September 15. 2013 (Sunday) to mend (vt)(I): 修補 xiu bo3 to mend (vt): to repair/to free from faults or defects/to make sg whole or sound that has been broken, torn, or injured 　 Sentence pattern: to mend sg concrete 　 Example: 這些道路從未修過/市政府有需要修這幾條道路 The roads were never mended/the town needs to mend these roads.. Zhe4 xie dao4 lu4 cong2 wei4 xiu guo4/shi4 zheng4 fu3 you3 xü yao4 xiu zhe4 ji3 tiao2 dao4 lu4 　漁夫修補他們的破漁網 Fishermen were mending their nets. yü2 fu xiu bu3 ta men2 de po4 yü2 wang3 她補好了襯衫 She has finished mending the shirt. Ta bu3 hao3 le chen4 shan 美滿婚姻有助於修補破碎的心 A good marriage will help mend broken hearts. (= to repair) Mei3 man3 hun yin you3 zhu4 yü2 xiu bu3 po4 suei4 de xin 　　　　　 September 14. 2013 (Saturday) on the mend (adj., adv.): (健康) 康復中; (狀況)改善中 (jian4 kang) kanf fu4 zhong; (zhuang4 kuang4) gai3 shan4 zhong 　 on the mend (adi., adv.): 康復中recovering (vi) from an illness/recovering (vt) one’s health/recovering (vi) in health); 改善中improving or getting better mend (n): repair; improvement 　 Sentence pattern: Sy/sg is on the mend. 　 Example: 我康復期間請假不上班 I took a leave of absence from work while I was on the mend. Wo3 kang fu4 qi2 jian qing3 jia4 bu4 shang4 ban 　父子斷絕的關係正在改善中 The breach between father and son is on the mend. (breach = a severance of friendly relations) Fu4 zi3 duan4jue2 de guan xi4 zheng4 zai4 gai3 shan4 zhong 失業人數減少 (國家)經濟明顯改善中 With fewer people out of work, the economy is clearly on the mend. Shi yie4 ren3 shu4 jian2 shao3 (guo2 jia) jing ji4 ming2 xian3 gai3 shang4 zhong 　　　　　 September 3, 2013 (Tuesday) to wean (-ee-)(vt)(I): 斷奶; 中斷(習慣等); 長期依賴(某物) Duan4 nai3; zhong duan4 (xi2 guan4 deng3); chang2 qi2 yi lai4 (mou3 wu4) 　 to wean (vt): 斷奶 to cause (a child or other young animal) to replace mother’s milk by other nourishment; 中斷(習慣等) to cause to desert former habits, pursuits (followed by from or off); 長期習慣於(某物) to accustom sy to sg from childhood (followed by on) 　 Sentence pattern: to wean sy from/off sg to wean sy on sg/sy is weaned on sg 　 Example: 為嬰兒斷奶或斷奶瓶 to wean a baby from/off mother’s milk or breastfeeding or bottle wei4 ying er2 duan4 nai3 huo4 duan4 nai3 ping2 　醫師開 methadone 為病人戒斷 heroin Methadone is prescribed to wean addicts from heroin. Yi shi kai methadone wuei4 ping4 ren2 jie4 duan4 heroin 　老化使我們逐漸斷了對生命的喜愛 aging process weans us gradually from our fondness of life lao3 hua4 shi3 wuo3 men2 zhu2 jian4 duan4 le duei4 sheng ming4 de xi3 ai4 　省吃節用已斷了我們豐富的點心 The need to reduce had weaned us from rich disserts. Sheng3 chi jie2 yong4 yi3 duan4 le wuo3 men2fong fu4 de dian3 xin 斷藥 being weaned off the medication (= to discontinue) duan4 yao4 　該國將中斷糧食救濟 The country is to wean itself off food aid. Gai guo2 jiang zhong duan4 liang2 shi2 jiou4 ji4 　做為鋼琴家我習慣於巴哈和莫扎特, 我花了半輩子才學會欣賞李斯特的戲劇化曲風 As a pianist weaned on Bach and Mozart, it took me half of a lifetime to learn to appreciate the histrionics of Liszt Zuo4 wei2 gang qin2 jia wuo3 xi2 guan4 yü2 ba ha han4 mo4 zha te4, wuo3 hua le ban4 bei4 zi cai2 xue2 huei4 xin shang3 li3 si te4 de xi4 zü4 hua4 qü3 fong 　你既然習慣於德州 chili, 那走一趟Cincinnati 你會大開眼界 If you were weaned on Texas-style chili, then a trip to Cincinnati is an eye-opening experience. Ni3 ji4 ran2 xi2 guan4 yü2 de2 zhou chili, na4 zou3 yi tang4 Cincinnati ni3 huei4 ta4 kai yan3 jie4 　習慣於使用網際網路找資料的學生 students weaned on the Internet for research xi2 guan4 yü2 shi3 yong4 wang3 zi4 wang3 lu4 zhao3 zi liao4 de xue2 sheng 　一位習慣於古典作品的聰明學生 a brilliant student weaned on the classics yi wei4 xi2 guan4 yü2 gu2 dian3 zuo4 pin3 de cong ming2 xue2 sheng 　　　　　 August 27, 2013 (Tuesday) gaffe (gaf)(n): 社交上的言行失禮/說錯話; 非故意之錯誤 She4 jiao shang4 de yan2 xing2 shi li3/shuo cuo4 hua4; fei gu4 yi4 zhi cuo4 wu4 　 gaffe (n): a marked social or diplomatic blunder, especially a tactless remark/faux pas/a socially improper or unsuitable act or remark; 非故意之錯誤 an unintentional departure from truth or accuracy/a noticeable mistake 　 faux pas (foh pah)(n): a social blunder/a slip in etiquette/indiscretion 　 Sentence pattern: to commit or make a gaffe 　 Example: 那是公關上的失禮, 雖然嚴重, 但非政策有錯誤 But that was a public relations gaffe, albeit a serious one, not a policy error. Na4 shi4 gong guan shang4 de shi li3, suei ran2 yan2 zhong4, dan4 fei zheng4 ce4 you3 cuo4 wu4 　她開始喝洗手水時她糗大了 She committed a huge gaffe when she started drinking from the finger bowel. Ta kai shi3 he xi2 shou2 shuei3 shi2 ta qiou3 ta4 le 　候選人辯論說錯話 the candidate’s debate gaffe (= a tactless remark) hou4 xuan3 ren2 bian4 lun shuo cuo4 hua4 　所謂(競選)辯論其實是在看哪位候選人最常說錯話 so-called debates, which were mainly about seeing which candidate made the most gaffes suo3 wei4 (jing4 xuan3)bian4 lun4 qi2 shi2 shi4 zai4 kan4 na4 wei4 hou4 xuan3 ren2 zuei4 chang2 shuo cuo4 hua4 　和所有報紙一樣這個報也犯了無心之誤 Like all newspapers, it sometimes commits a gaffe. (= an unintentional error) Han4 suo2 you3 bao4 zhi3 yi yang4 zhe4 ge bao4 ye3 fan4 le wu2 xin zhi wu4 　　　 August 24, 2013 (Saturday) 　 Kernel (kur-)(n): (原義) 核仁 (果實種子或果核硬殼內較軟可吃的部分)/五穀整粒種子; (引申)(某事物之)核心或精髓 (yuan2 yi4) he2 ren2 (guo3 shi2 zhong3 zi huo4 guo3 he2 ying4 ke2 nei4 jiao4 ruan3 ke3 chi de bu4 fen4)/wu2 gu3 zheng3 li4 zhong3 zi; (yin3 zhen)(mou3 shi4 wu4 zhi) he2 xin huo4 jing suei3 　 Kernel (n): Literally, the softer, edible central part of a seed, fruit stone, or nut/the inner portion of a seed within the integuments (-teg-); figuratively, the central or essential part of something; core; gist 　 Sentence pattern: the kernel of something the kernel of an organization 　 Example: 桃子的核仁; 玉米粒/小麥粒和大麥粒 peach kernel; a kernel of corn/wheat and barley kernels (= the whole grain of a cereal) tao2 zi de he2 ren2; yü4 mi3 li4/xiao3 mai4 li4 han4 ta4 mai4 li4 　他的領導乃整個組織之核心 His leadership is the kernel of the organization. Ta de ling3 dao3 nai3 zheng3 ge4 zu3 zhi zhi he2 xin 　可辨認的真理之精髓和智慧的結晶必須尊敬 A kernel of recognizable truth and a kernel of wit and wisdom command respect Ke3 bian4 ren4 de zhen li3 zhi jing suei3 han4 zhi4 huei4 de jie2 jing bi4 xü zuen jing4 　你爭辯的核心概念好像是說該國分裂無法避免 The kernel of your argument seems to be the inevitability of the division of that nation Ni3 zheng bian4 de he2 xin gai4 nian4 hao3 xiang4 shi4 swhuo gai guo2 fen lie4 wu2 fa3 bi4 mian3 　　　 August 23, 2013 (Friday) 　 Niche (nich or nish) (n)(I): (原義)(擺神像或其他飾物之)壁龕; 某種動植物品種生長之地; (引申)最適合某人或某事物之處所, 職位等, 即棲(安)身之處;一席之地; 小而專精之市場 (yuan2 yi4)(Bai3 shen2 xiang4 huo4 qi2 ta shi4 wu4 zhi) bi4 kan; mou3 zhong3 dong4 zhi2 wu4 pin2 zhong3 sheng zhang3 zhi di4; (yin3 shen) zuei4 shi4 he2 mou3 een2 huo4 mou3 shi4 wu4 zhi chu4 suo3, zhi2 wei4 deng3, ji2 qi (an) shen zhi chu4; yi xi2 zhi di4; xiao3 er2 zhuan jing zhi shi4 chang3 　 Niche (n): Literally, a shallow recess or hollowed space in the wall for a statue or other ornament; a habitat of a plant or animal species; figuratively, a place, employment, position, activity for which a person or thing is best fitted or suited; a niche, a niche market, or a market niche is a small, specialized market 　 Niche (a): 小而專精 small but specialized 　 Sentence pattern: to find one’s niche in the world a market niche a niche group/a niche application 　　 Niche (n)/niche (a)(continued)(II): Example: 幾位聖賢的雕像擺滿了寺院走廊牆上的神龕 Statues of various saints occupy the niches lining the abbey’s many corridors. Ji3 wei4 sheng4 xian2 de diao xiang4 bai3 man3 le si4 yuan4 zou3 .lang2 qiang2 shang4 de shen2 kan 　這小動物棲息之地是澳洲東部水域 The platypus’s niche is the waters of eastern Australia. (= the habitat for a plant or animal species) Zhe4 xiao3 dong wu4 qi xi2 zhi di4 shi4 ao4 zhou dong bu4 shuei3 yü4 　他在政界找到一席之地 He found his niche in politics (= a place a person is best suited) Ta zai4 zheng4 jie4 zhao3 dao4 yi4 xi2 zhi di4 　她終於找到了她安身立命之所當起老師 She finally found her niche as a teacher. Ta zhong yü2 zhao3 dao4 le ta an shen li4 ming4 zhi suo3 dang qi3 lao3 shi 　高中畢業後我找到安身立命之所 I found a niche for myself after high school. Gao zhong bi4 ye4 hou4 wuo3 zhao3 dao4 an shen li4 ming4 zhi suo3 　　　 Niche (n)/niche (a)(continued)(III): Example 小而專精之市場 a market niche/a niche market (= a specialized market) xiao3 er2 zhuan jing zhi shi4 chang3 　有些公司專精於這個幾年前很少存在的特殊市場, 他們說他們以等比級數擴張 Companies that specialize in this niche, which barely existed a few years ago, say they’re expanding exponentially. You3 xie gong si zhuan jing yü2 zhe4 ge ji3 nian2 qian2 hen2 shao3 cun2 zai4 de te4 shu shi4 chang3, ta men2 shuo ta men2 yi3 deng2 bi3 ji2 shu4 kuo4 chang 　多年來演藝保險業乃小而多金的特殊市場 For years entertainment insurance has been small but profitable niche. (= a small specialized market/a distinct segment of a market) Duo nian2 lai2 yan3 yi4 bao2 xian3 ye4 nai3 xiao3 er2 duo jin de te4 shu shi4 chang3 　但是由熱生電的物質效率不足以用於特殊的小用途之外 But thermoelectric materials have not been efficient enough to move beyond niche applications (= small but specific) Dan4 shi4 you2 re4 sheng dian4 de wu4 zhi2 xiao4 lü4 bu4 zu2 yi3 yong4 yü2 te4 shu de xiao3 yong4 tu2 　它意味著過於重視幾個往往是特殊的小團體 It implies too much weight to what are often niche groups. (= a small specialized group) Ta yi4 wei4 zhe guo4 yü2 zhong4 shi4 ji3 ge wang2 wang3 shi4 te4 shu de xiao3 tuan2 ti3 　　　　 August 20, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 Rift (n): (原義)狹長裂縫或斷層; (引申之義)(因意見利益之分歧而)分裂 (yuan2 yi4) xia2 chang2 lie4 feng4 huo4 duan4 ceng2; (yin3 shen zhi yi4)(yin yi4 jian4 li4 yi4 zhi fen qi2 er2) fen lie4 　 Rift (n): 狹窄裂縫或斷層Literally, a narrow break, crack or other opening made by cleaving or splitting/a fissure/a cleft/a chink/a fault; a clear interval in a forest or cloud mass; 分裂figuratively, a break in friendly relations between people, nations etc. resulting from a difference in opinion, belief, or interest 　 Sentence pattern: a rift of the earth crust or mantle a rift between 2 persons 　 Example: 大陸地表板塊之斷層 a continental rift/the rift of continental plates/the rift of the crust and mantle (= a long, narrow zone of faulting resulting from tensional stress in the earth’s crust) Ta4 lu4 di4 biao3 ban3 kuai4 zhi duan4 ceng2 　海床斷裂處火熱岩漿從地殼湧出 The rift in the ocean floor through which red-hot magma is squeezed up from the mantle Hai3 chuang2 duan4 lie4 chu4 huo3 re4 yan2 jiang cong2 di4 ke2 yun chu 　小湖泊位於稍顯狹長的地表斷裂處火山曾在此爆發 The small lake sits in the slightly elongate rift area where the eruption occurred. Xiao3 hu2 bo2 wei4 yü2 shao xiang3 xia2 chang2 de di4 biao3 duan4 lie4 chu4 huo3 shan ceng2 zai4 ci3 bao4 fa 　地表裂痕所造成的峽谷由於兩邊向外移動峽谷終於低於海平面氾濫成災 As the 2 sides of a rift valley diverge, the valley eventually falls below sea level and floods. Di4 biao3 lie4 hen2 suo3 zao4 cheng2 de xia2 gu3 yiu2 yü2 liang3 bian xiang4 wai4 yi2 dong xia2 gu3 zhong yü2 di yü2 hai3 ping2 mian4 fan4 lan4 cheng2 zai 　雲縫間他看到太陽 He saw the sun through a rift in the clouds (= a gap between 2 cloud masses) Yun2 feng4 jian ta kan4 dao4 tai4 yang2 　二人或二國之間的裂痕 a rift between 2 people or 2 nations (= a break in friendly relations) er4 ren2 huo4 er4 guo2 zhi jian de lie4 hen2 　數月後裂痕痊癒友誼好轉 the rift healed after a few months and friendship returned to good standing. Shu4 yue4 hou4 lie4 hen2 quan2 yü4 you3 yi2 hao2 zhuan3 　修補貧國和富國之間的裂痕 to repair the rift between rich and poor countries xiu bu3 pin2 guo2 han4 fu4 guo2 zhi jian de lie4 hen2 　企業和稅捐機構之間擴大中的裂痕 the increasing rift between companies and the tax authorities qi4 ye4 han4 shuei4 juan ji gou4 zhi jian kuo4 ta4 zhong de lie4 hen2 　　　　　 August 18, 2013 (Sunday) 　 Mindset (n): 牢不可破的心態, 思維; 習性 Lao2 bu4 ke3 po4 de xin tai4¸si wei2; xi2 xing4 　 Mindset (n): a fixed mental attitude, disposition, inclination or a habit/a fixed state of mind which is difficult to alter/the ideas or attitudes of a person which are difficult to alter/habits of mind formed by previous experience/the direction of thinking 　 Sentence pattern: a person’s mindset 　 Example: 我們的教育體制影響年輕人的思維至巨 Our educational system has been the most powerful influence in determining the mindset of our youth. (= the direction of thinking). Wulo3 men2 de jiao4 yü4 ti3 zhi4 ying2 xiang3 nian2 qing ren2 de si wei2 zhi4 jü4 　州和聯邦檢察官們會有更多人改變其思維 A mindset change will spread among the prosecutors in the state and nation. Zhou han4 lian2 bang jian3 cha2 guan men2 huei4 you3 geng4 duo ren2 gai3 bian4 qi2 si wei2 　我們球隊和教練的心態 the mindset of our head coach and our team wuo3 men2 qiu2 duei4 han4 jiao4 lian4 de xin tai4 　太多人有的錯誤心態 the wrong kind of mindset that far too many people have tai4 duo ren2 you3 de cuo4 wu4 xin tai4 　該國人民的心態 the mindset in this country gai guo2 ren2 min2 de xin tai4 　他們的行為顯示他們仍囿於帝國心態 Their behavior is a sign that they are still imprisoned by their imperial mindset. Ta men2 de xing2 wei2 xian3 shi4 ta men2 reng2 you4 yü2 di4 guo2 xin tai4 　過去你如何走過那種心態 What did you do in moving past that mindset? Guo4 qü4 ni3 ru2 he2 zou3 guo4 na4 zhong3 xin tai4 　他有漫不經心的習性 He has a mindless mindset. Ta you3 man4 bu4 jing xin de xi2 xing4 　依一種文化習性的其他方面做改變 to change along with the other aspects of a cultural mindset yi yi4 zhong3 wen2 hua4 xi2 xing4 de qi2 ta fang mian4 zuo4 gai3 bian4 　　　　　 August 16, 2013 (Friday) 　 Nemesis (n) (II): 勁敵(= 無法打敗的對手); 剋星/天敵(= 能毀掉或搞垮一個人的人或物); 無法克服之事物 Jing4 di2 (= wu2 fa3 da3 bai4 de duei4 shou3); ke4 xing/tian di2 (= neng2 huei3 diao4 huo4 gao3 kua3 yi ge4 ren2 de ren2 huo4 wu4); wu2 fa3 ke4 fu2 zhi shi4 wu4 　 Nemesis (n) (II): 勁敵an opponent or rival whom a person cannot best or overcome; 剋星/天敵one’s nemesis is that which will bring on one’s destruction or downfall; 無法克服之事物 sg that one cannot conquer or achieve 　 Sentence pattern: one’s nemesis nemesis of sg 　 Example: 棒球隊敗於宿敵第一流投球 The baseball team was defeated by the first-rate pitching of its old nemesis. (= a formidable and usually victorious rival or opponent) bang4 qiou2 duei4 bai4 yü2 su4 di2 di4 yi liu2 tou2 qiou2 　他將和宿敵比賽爭總冠軍 He will be playing his old nemesis for the championship. Ta jiang han4 su4 di2 bi3 sai4 zheng zong3 guan4 jun 　不講理是民主制度的剋星 (即不講理毀了民主) 理由是好政府要靠選民智慧 Irrationality is the nemesis of democracy, for good government depends upon the wisdom of the electorate. (= a source of harm or misfortune) bu4 jiang2 li3 shi4 min2 zhu3 zhi4 du4 de ke4 xing (ji2 bu4 jiang2 li3 huei3 .le min2 zhu3) li3 yiu2 shi4 hao3 zheng4 fu3 yao4 kao4 xuan3 min2 zhi4 huei4 　危機在於民主制度一再受傷害 (即一再被毀) The crisis is the recurrent nemesis of democracy. (= an inevitable result) Wei2 ji zai4 yü2 min2 zhu3 zhi4 du4 yi zai4 shou4 shang hai4 (ji2 yi zai4 bei4 huei3) 　隨便相信他人毀了我 (即隨便相信他人是我的剋星) Uncritical trust is my nemesis. (= my source of harm or ruin) Suei2 bian4 xiang xin4 ta ren2 huei3 le wuo3 (ji2 Suei2 bian4 xiang xin4 ta ren2 shi4 wuo3 de ke4 xing) 毛主席乃蔣中正總統之剋星 (即毛主席毀了蔣總統) Chairman Mao was the nemesis of President Chiang kai-sheck. Mao2 zhu3 xi2 nai3 Chiang3 Zhong Zheng4 zong2 tong3 zhi ke4 xing (ji2 Mao2 zhu3 xi2 huei3 le Chiang3 zong2 tong3) 　扁幅俠乃 Joker 之主要剋星總是破解 Joker 的詭計 Batman is the Joker’s main nemesis and always foils his wicked plots. (= one who inflicts punishment in return for offense/avenger/punisher/castigator/chastiser) 　許多被追殺的人在街上追殺者面前倒下 Many a pursued man fell before his nemesis in the streets. (= one that inflicts retribution) xü3 duo bei4 zhuei sha de ren2 zai4 jie shang4 zhuei sha zhe3 mian4 qian2 dao3 xia4 　 Nemesis引申之義是復仇者 By extension, a nemesis is an avenger. (= one who inflicts punishment in return for offense/avenger/punisher) Nemesis yin3 shen zhi yi4 shi4 fu4 chou2 zhe3 　學業考試是我無法克服之難 (即我的剋星) The performance test proved to be my nemesis. (= sg that one cannot conquer or achieve) xue2 ye4 kao3 shi4 shi4 wuo3 wu2 fa3 ke4 fu2 zhi nan2 　　　　 August 15, 2013 (Thursday) 　 Nemesis (n) (I): 來自神的懲罰 (= 報應); (對負面行為的) 懲罰 Lai2 zi4 shen2 de cheng3 fa2 (= bao4 ying4); (duei4 fu4 mian4 xing2 wei2 de) cheng3 fa2 　 Nemesis (n) (I): 報應divine retribution punishment/an act of retributive justice; (對負面行為的) 懲罰an act of retribution or punishment for a crime or offense 　 Sentence pattern: a person’s nemesis nemesis of sg 　 Example: 在古典神話裡 Nemesis 乃司公平懲罰之希臘女神 In classical mythology, Nemesis is the Greek goddess of vengeance or retributive justice or divine retribution. Zai4 gu2 dian3 shen2 hua4 li3 Nemesis nai3 si gong ping2cheng3 fa2 zhi xi la4 nü3 shen2 　 Nemesis引申之義是復仇者 By extension, a nemesis is an avenger. (= one who inflicts punishment in return for offense/avenger/punisher/castigator/chastiser) Nemesis yin3 shen zhi yi4 shi4 fu4 chou2 zhe3 　不講理的報應是自我毀滅 This propensity to self-destruction is the nemesis of irrationality. (= an inevitable result) bu4 jiang2 li3 de bao4 ying4 shi4 zi4 wuo3 huei3 mie4 　放逐曾經一度是不遵守性行為風俗習慣者的懲罰 Social ostracism (= banishment) was once society’s nemesis for those who defies its sexual mores (mores = customs and manners of a social group that serve as moral guidelines) fang4 zhu2 ceng2 jing yi du4 shi4 bu4 zun shou3 xing4 xing2 wei2 feng su2 xi2 guan4 zhe3 de cheng3 fa2 　無論在個人或社區過分堅持自己的主張曾被認為僅在挑起懲罰 whether in the individual or in the community, overweening self-assertion was regarded as justly provoking nemesis. (= an act or effect of retribution or punishment) wu2 lun4 zai4 ge4 ren2 huo4 she4 qü guo4 fen4 jian chi2 zi4 ji3 de zhu3 zhang ceng2 bei4 ren4 wei2 jin3 zai4 tiao qi3 cheng3 fa2 　　　　　 August 12, 2012 (Monday) 　 Farfetched/far-fetched/far fetched (a): (原義) 自遠方帶來; (引申之義) 不可能/太牽強/太離譜　 Farfetched (a): (原義) 自遠方帶來Literally, brought from a distance or afar; (引申之義) 不可能/太牽強/太離譜figuratively, improbable in nature/unlikely/being only remotely connected/not based on probable or reasonable relationships/not naturally pertinent/forced/strained Farfetchedness (n) 　 Sentence pattern: Sg is farfetched. 　 Example: 那些日子裡柑橘和來自遠方的佳餚確是稀罕之物 Oranges and other farfetched delicacies were rarities in those days Na4 xie ri4 zi li3 gan jü2 han4 lai2 zi4 yuan3 fan de jia yiao2 que4 shi4 si han4 zhi wu4 　戲的主題太牽強 a farfetched theme for a play si4 de zhu3 ti2 tai4 qian qiang2 　點子太離譜/推測太不可能 farfetched ideas or notions/farfetched speculations dian3 zi tai4 li2 pu3/tuei ce4 tai4 bu4 ke3 neng2 　那不可能 It’s a farfetched possibility. Na4 bu4 ke3 neng2 　他的立場似乎太離譜不合理 His stand seemed farfetched and unreasonable. Ta de li4 chang3 si4 hu tai4 li2 pu3 bu4 he2 li3 　這理由太不合理不能當真 The argument is too farfetched to take seriously Zhe4 li3 you2 tai4 bu4 he2 li3 bu4 neng2 dang zhen 　我們的社會深深覺得人類絕跡不是不可能 Our society is steeped in an uneasy awareness that human extinction is not a particularly farfetched possibility. Wuo3 men2 de she4 huei4 shen shen jue2 de ren2 lei4 jue2 ji bu4 shi4 bu4 ke3 neng2 　你把理由都列出來不管有多離譜 List every reason you identify, no matter how farfetched it may seem. Ni3 ba3 li3 you2 dou lie4 chu lai2 bu4 guan3 you3 duo li2 pu3 　　　　　 August 10, 2013 (Sunday) 　 To zero in on (vt, vi) 對準(目標); 專心於(某事/物); 集中於(一處) 　 To zero in on (vt, vi): 對準(目標) Literally, to aim a weapon precisely at or on a target of sg/ to adjust fire on a specific target/to concentrate firepower of artillery etc. on the exact range of a target; 專心於(某事/物) figuratively, to direct one’s attention to/to focus on/to concentrate on a person or thing; 集中於(一處) to converge on/to close in on/to move toward the same point 　 To zero in on (vt, vi): literally, to bring a weapon to bear on a target/to aim a firearm at a target; figuratively, to bring attention to bear on a problem, etc./to direct one’s attention (Informal) 　 Sentence pattern: to zero in (vt) a weapon on sy or sg A weapon zeroes (or zeros) in on (vi) sy or sg to zero in on (vi) sy or sg 　 Example: 敵軍炮火對準我方十字路口和進城道路猛轟 The enemy zeros in (vt) artillery and mortars on all crossroads and avenues of approach (= to bring to bear on the exact range of a target) Di2 jun pao4 huo3 duei4 zhun3 wuo3 fan shi2 zi4 lu4 kou3 han4 jing4 cheng2 dao4 lu4 meng3 hong 　敵軍炮火對準我方十字路口猛轟 An enemy battery zeroed in on (vi) the crossroad. Di2 jun pao4 huo3 duei4 zhun3 wuo3 fan shi2 zi4 lu4 kou3 meng3 hong 　這武器務必在固定基地上操作敵軍可對準攻擊 It must operate from fixed bases which the enemy can zero in (vt)(= to concentrate firepower on the exact range of) Zhe4 wu3 qi4 wu4 bi4 zai4 gu4 dingh4 ji di4 shang4 cao zuo4 di2 jun ke3 duei4 zhun3 gong ji2 　將他的步槍射程對準 100碼目標 to zero in (vt) his rifle at 100 yards (= to adjust the zero of/to adjust an instrument to zero value/to adjust on the exact range of a target) jiang ta de bu4 qiang she4 cheng2 duei4 zhun3 100 ma3 mu4 biao 　調查員們注意力集中於嫌犯 Investigators are zeroing in on (vi) the suspect. The police zeroed in on the site of the crime. (= to converge on)(Informal) Diao4 cha2 yuan2 men2 zhu4 yi4 li4 ji2 zhong yü2 xian2 fan4 　他們的注意力集中於最後一群狙擊兵 They zeroed in on the last snipers. Ta men2 de zhu4 yi4 li4 ji2 zhong yü2 zuei4 hou4 yi qun2 jü ji2 bing 　我們的注意力務必集中於各成分原料的準確量 We must zero in on the exact combination of ingredients Wuo3 men2 de zhu4 yi4 li4 wu4 bi4 ji2 zhong yü2 ge4 cheng2 fen yuan2 liao4 de zhuen3 que4 liang4 　全班的注意力集中於新作業 The whole class zeroed in on the new assignment. Quan2 ban de zhu4 yi4 li4 ji2 zhong yü2 xin zuop4 ye4 　獵鳥狗專心尋找躲起來的quail 鳥群 Bird-dogs zeroing in on coveys (kuhv-ee) of hidden quail Lie4 niao2 gou3 zhuan xin xun2 zhao3 duo3 qi3 lai2 de niao3 　國會反對派議員們注意力集中於法案 Congressional opponents zeroed in on the bill (= to focus attention on) Guo2 huei4 fan3 guei4 pai4 yi4 yuan2 men2 zhu4 yi4 li4 ji2 zhong yü2 fa3 an4 　小孩們集中於觀看電車展示 The children zeroed in on the electric train display. (= to converge on). Xiao3 hai2 men2 ji2 zhong yü2 guan kan4 dian4 che zhan3 shi4 　　　　 August 7, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 Clairvoyance (-voi-)(n) (超時空)直覺力或第6感 (即能看到或感覺到 5官感覺不到的物或事) (chao shi2 kong) zhi2 jue2 li4 huo4 di4 lio4 gan3 (ji2 neng2 kan4 dao4 huo4 gan3 jue2 dao4 wu3 guan gan3 jue2 bu4 dao4 de wu4 huo4 shi4) 　 Clairvoyance (n): Extrasensory perception (ESP); sixth sense; keen intuitive power; the supernatural power of perception beyond the 5 senses (the sense of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch); the power of seeing or knowing things not present to the 5 senses, or removed in space or time from natural viewing 　 Sentence pattern: to have clairvoyance to do sg to have clairvoyance as to sg to have a sixth sense for/of sg 　 Example: 我不相信超時空直覺力, 但我無法解釋他怎麼知道我祖母那些事 I don’t believe in clairvoyance, but I can’t explain how he knew those things about my grandmother. Wuo3 bu4 xiang xin4 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4, dan4 wuo3 wu2fa3 jie3 shi4 ta zen3 mo zhi dao4 wuo3 zu2 mu3 na4 xie shi4 　自稱擁有超時空直覺力者, 有時候被請去協助尋找失蹤人口 People who c laim to have clairvoyance are sometimes asked to help locate missing persons. Zi4 cheng yun you3 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4 zhe3, you3 shi2 hou4 bei4 qing3 qü4 xie2 zhu4 xun2 zhao3 shi zong ren2 kou3 　她冷靜鎮定又有超時空直覺力, 她能忍受他給她的煎熬 She has resources of calmness and clairvoyance which enable her to endure trials he engineers. Ta leng3 jing4 zhen4 ding4 you4 you3 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4, ta neng2 ren3 shou4 ta gei3 ta de jiang ao2 　她對某些事的超時空直覺力稟賦 Her gift of clairvoyance as to sg Ta duei4 mou3 xie shi4de chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4 bing3 fu4 　很少人有超時空直覺力預料中國驚人的成長与活力 Few people have the clairvoyance to anticipate China’s astonishing growth and vitality. Hen2 shao3 ren2 you3 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4 yü4 liao4 zhong guo2 jing ren2 de cheng2 zhang3 yü3 huo2 li4 　她以某種超時空直覺力為業 She practices clairvoyance of some sort. Ta yi3 mou2 zhong3 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4 uei1 ye4 　他把故事結局說成是命運把真相說成是超時空直覺力 He gives up narrative destination for destiny and clarification for clairvoyance. Ta ba3 gu4 shi4 jie2 jü2 shuo cheng2 shi4 ming4 yun4 ba3 zhen xiang4 shuo cheng2 shi4 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4 　他自稱有第六感能預知何時有人會打電話給她 She claims to have a sixth sense for knowing when someone was about to call her Ta zi4 cheng you3 di4 lio4 gan3 neng2 yü4 zhi he2 shi2 you3 ren2 huei4 ta3 dian4 hua4 gei3 ta . 這製片家有第六感能預知大眾抗拒不了的電影故事 The filmmaker has a sixth sense for knowing which stories the general public will find irresistible. Zhe4 zhi4 pian4 jia you3 di4 lio4 gan3 neng2 yü4 zhi ta4 zhong4 kang4 jü4 bu4 liao3 de dian4 yeng3 gu4 shi4 　對新聞有第六感的記者們 Journalists who have a sixth sense of news Duei4 xin wen2 you3 di4 lio4 gan3 de ji4 zhe3 men2 　此案毫無進展警察很洩氣願意聽聽一位自稱.有超時空直覺力的美女怎麼說 The police were discouraged about the lack of progress in the case and willing to listen to a woman claiming extrasensory perception (ESP). Ci3 an4 hao2 wu2 jing4 zhan3 jing3 cha2 hen3 xie4 qi4 yuan4 yi4 ting ting yi wei4 zi4 cheng you3 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4 de mei3 nü3 zen3 mo shuo 　他的第六感警告他要小心 His sixth sense warned him to be cautious. Ta de di4 lio4 gan3 jing3 gao4 ta yao4 xiao3 xin 　她有第六感他們會在地下儲藏室裡找到它 She had a sixth sense that they would find it in the cellar. (= a sense in addition to the 5 physical senses) Ta you3 di4 lio4 gan3 ta men2 huei4 zai4 di4 xia4 shi4 li3 zhao3 dao4 ta 　她有超時空直覺力自稱能看到你看不到之事物 She is a clairvoyant (n) who claims to have a clairvoyant (a) vision and power.(= a person who claims clairvoyance) Ta you3 chao shi2 kong zhi2 jue2 li4 zi4 cheng neng2 kan4 dao4 ni3 kan4 bu4 dao4 zhi shi4 wu4 　 Note: clairaudience (n): the power of hearing sounds beyond the range of normal hearing 　　　　 August 6, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 Crosscurrents (pl.)(n): 逆流 ni4 liu2; 橫流 heng2 liu2 　 Crosscurrents (pl.)(n): 橫流 Literally, a current flowing across (or traverse to) the main current; 逆流figuratively, a conflicting tendency moving counter to the usual trend (usually used in plural) 　 Sentence pattern: A crosscurrent of sg 　 Example: 　一股不滿的逆流 a cross current of dissent (= a countercurrent) yi gu3 bu4 man3 de ni4 liu2 　社會政治上的逆流 sociopolitical crosscurrents she4 huei4 zheng4 zhi4 de ni4 liu2 　政治逆流搞亂了政事 The political crosscurrents disrupt the business of government (to disrupt = to cause disorder or turmoil in)(= actions counter to the main group activity) Zheng4 zhi4 ni4 liu2 gao3 luan4 le zheng4 shi4 　政治逆流搞亂了大會進行 The political crosscurrents disrupt the conference Zheng4 zhi4 ni4 liu2 gao3 luan4 le ta4 huei4 jin4 xing2 　橫流(逆流) 乃亂流也 A crosscurrent is a type of turbulence. (= unstable flow of a liquid or gas) Heng2 liu2 (ni4 liu2) nai3 luan4 liu2 ye3 　逆流只能緩和但不能阻擋中國經濟成長 Crosscurrents slow but won’t halt China’s economic growth. (Yahoo news) Ni4 liu2 zhe3 neng2 huan3 he2 dan4 bu4 neng2 zu2 dang3 zhong guo2 jing ji4 cheng2 zhang3 　　　　 August 3, 2013 (Saturday) 　 To debunk (vt): (以嘲笑方式) 揭穿或拆穿 (某概念/主張/意見之) 虛假或誇大; 否定(某事物為)不實; 說明真相 (yi3 chao2 xiao4 fang shi4) jie2 chuan huo4 chai chuan (mou3 gai4 nian4/zhu3 zhang/yi4 jian4 zhi) xü jia3 huo4 kua ta4; fou3 ding4 (mou3 shi4 wu4 wei2) bu4 shi2; shuo ming2 zhen xiang4 　 To debunk (vt): 揭穿 to expose the sham, pretension, falseness or exaggeration of sg by ridicule; 否定 to disprove (to prove to be false); 說明真相 to reveal the nature of 　 Sentence pattern: to debunk the notion/idea/myth/misconception/claim of to debunk a mysterious phenomenon 　 Example: 拆穿一種傳說迷信 to debunk a legend, superstition chai chuan yi zhong3 chuan2 shuo mi2 xin4 　這網站賣力拆穿都市裡的傳說 This web site assiduously debunks urban legends. (= to prove to be false) Zhe4 wang3 zhan4 mai4 li4 chai chuan du shi4 li3 de chuan2 shuo 　拆穿廣告口號的不實 to debunk advertising slogans chai chuan guang3 gao4 kou3 hao4 de bu4 shi2 　提出學說比否定它更快 It’s quicker to create theories than to debunk them. Ti2 chu xue2 shuo bi3 chai chuan ta geng4 kuai4 　研究結果否定了他的理論 The results of the study debunks his theory. (= to disprove/to prove to b e false) Yan2 jiou4 jie2 guo3 fou3 ding4 le ta de li3 lun4 　竭力拆穿可疑的報導 Make every effort to debunk skeptical reports. Jie2 li4 chai chuan ke3 yi2 de bao4 dao3 　這電視節目拆穿通靈神棍和其他神秘現象 The TV show debunks psychics, faith healers and other mysterious phenomena. Zhe4 dian4 shi4 jie2 mu4 chai chuan tong ling2 sheng2 gun4 han4 qi2 ta shen2 mi4 xian4 xiang4 　做偵查工作的記者揭發庸醫能通靈(有第6感)的真相 The investigative reporter easily debunked the charlatan’s claims of clairvoyance. (= to reveal the nature of/to unmask)(charlatan = quack; clairvoyance = extrasensory perception, ESP第6感) Zuo4 zhen cha2 gong zuo4 de ji4 zhe3 chai chuan yun yi neng2 tong ling2 (you3 di4 lio4 gan3) de zhen xiang4 　此文否定了火星上有生命 The article debunks the notion that life exists on Mars. Ci3 wen2 fou3 ding4 le huo3 xing shang4 you3 sheng ming4 　現代人傾向於否定誠實愛國有道德等的傳統標準 Our modern tendency to debunk traditional standards of honesty, patriotism and morality. (= to remove the false sentiments from. Sentiments = a thought, opinion or attitude) (Note: there is something wrong with the traditional standards of 3 virtues) Xian4 dai4 ren2 qing3 xiang4 yü2 fou3 ding4 cheng2 shi2 ai4 guo2 you3 dao4 de2 deng2 de chuan2 tong3 biao zhun3 　　　 August 1, 2013 (Thursday) 　 To upstage (vt): 搶鋒頭/搶注意力; 待人高傲 Qiang3 fen tou2/qiang3 zhu4yi4 li4; dai4 ren2 gao ao4 　 Upstage (n): 舞台後半 the back or rear half of the stage To upstage (vt): 搶鋒頭/搶注意力Literally, to force (an actor) to face (or turn) away from the audience by staying upstage; figuratively, to draw attention to oneself (away from someone else)/to steal the show from; 待人高傲 to treat haughtily/to behave snobbishly toward 　 Sentence pattern: to upstage sy to upstage sg 　 Example: Snowden 新爆料搶了美國解密行動的鋒頭 New Snowden leak upstages U.S. move to declassify documents. Snowden xin bao4 liao4 qiangf3 le mei3 guo2 jie3 mi4 xing2 dong4 de fen tou2 　搶了比賽的鋒頭 Upstaging the competition (= to draw attention away from) Qiang3 le bi3 sai4 de fen tou2 　我們不要花童搶了新娘的鋒頭 We don’t want the flower girl upstaging the bride. Wuo3 men2 bu4 yao4 hua tong2 qiang3 le xin niang2 de fen tou2 　他的巧克力蛋糕搶了我的蘋果派的鋒頭 My apple pie was upstaged by her chocolate cake. Ta de qiao3 ke4 li4 dan4 gao qiang3 le wuo3 de ping2 guo3 pai4 de fen tou2 　猩猩搶了演員們的鋒頭 The chimpanzee has been upstaging the human actors. (= to steal the show from) Xing xing qiang3 le yan3 yuan2 men2 de fen tou2 　他竟然教我如何關門態度高傲 He properly upstaged me by showing me how to shut the door. (= to treat haughtily or snobbishly) Ta jing4 ran2 jiao wuo3 ru2 he2 guan men2 tai4 du4 gao ao4 　討論甜品名廚師很久也花很長時間插花 (這2件事) 都搶了演員們的鋒頭 It’s long enough for a discussion of a famous pastry chef and for the flower arrangements that upstage the characters. Tao3 lung tian2 pin3 ming2 chu2 shi hen2 jiou3 ye3 hua hen3 chang2 shi2 jian cha hua (zhe4 er4 jian4 shi4) dou qiang3 le yan3 yuan2 men2 de fen tou2 　 Upstage (adv.): 他走到舞台後半左側廁所小便聲音響徹空中 He then went to the restroom upstage left, and the sound of urination filled the space. Ta zou3 dao4 wu3 tai2 hou4 ban4 zuo3 ce4 xiao3 bian4 xia3 bian4 sheng yin xiang3 che4 kong zhong 　　　　 July 31, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 To cave in (vt, vi): 使(某物)塌陷 (vt)/(某物)塌陷(vi)/屈服 (vi) Shi3 (mou3 wu4) ta xian4 (vt)/(mou3 wu4) ta xian4 (vi)/qü fu2 (vi) 　 To cave in (vi): 1. 塌陷 to collapse suddenly into a hollow beneath it; 2. 屈服 (Informal) to yield completely under pressure/to surrender To cave in (vt): 使塌陷 to cause to fall in, collapse, or subside 　 Cave-in (n): 1. a collapse of anything hollow; 2. surrender 　 Sentence pattern: Sg caves in sg else. Sg caves in. Sy caves in. 　 Example: 雪的重量壓垮屋頂 Snow load caves in roofs. Xue3 de zhong4 liang4 ya kua3 wu ding3 　颱風吹走屋頂也吹垮地基 Hurricane (typhoon) blows off roof and caves in foundation. Tai2 fen chuei zou3 wu ding3 ye3 chuei kua3 di4 ji 　冰雪堆積壓垮了 2處屋頂 Snow and ice buildup caves in 2 roofs. Bin xue3 duei ji ya kua3 le er4 chu4 wu ding3 　地震震垮牆壁 The earthquake made the walls cave in. Di4 zhen4 zhen4 kua3 qiang2 bi4 　屋頂塌下來/地面塌陷/礦坑塌陷/隧道塌陷 A roof caves in/a piece of ground caves in/a mine caves in/a tunnel caves in. Wu ding3 ta xia4 lai2/di4 mian4 ta xian4/kuang4 keng ta xian4/suei4 dao4 ta xian4 　大雨過後體育館屋頂塌陷 Stadium roof caved in after heavy rain. Ta4 yü3 guo4 hou4 ti3 yü4 guan3 wu ding3 ta xian4 　天很快就要塌下來壓住你 The sky will cave in on you by and by. (by and by = in a short time/before long) Tian hen3 kuai4 jiou4 yao4 ta xia4 lai2 ya zhu4 ni3 　徒步旅行20英里後我攤了 After a twenty-mile hike, I caved in. (= to collapse/faint/die from exhaustion) Tu2 bu4 lü3 xing2 20 ying li3 hou4 wuo3 tan le 　檢察官的逼問很快使證人屈服 The prosecutor’s questions soon made the witness cave in. (= to give in/to yield/to surrender) Jian3 chua2 guan de bi wen4 hen3 kuai4 shi3 zheng4 ren2 qü fu2 　對方屈服於我們卓越的辯解 The opposition caved in before our superior arguments. Duei4 fan qü fu2 yü2 wuo3 men2 zhuo2 yue4 de bian4 jie3 　他拒絕屈服於獨裁者們這使他的生命成了人權的旗幟 Her refusal to cave to the dictators has translated her life into a banner for human rights everywhere. (to cave = to cave in) Ta jü4 jue2 qü fu2 yü2 du2 cai2 zhe3 men2 zhe4 shi3 ta de sheng ming4 cheng2 le ren2 quan2 de qi2 zhi4 　你若屈服悲傷依舊 If you cave in, the grief will continue. Ni3 ruo4 qü fu2 bei shang yi jiou4 　 cave-in (n) 礦史中最遭的塌陷事件 The worst cave-in in the history of mining. (= a collapse of anything hollow) Kuang4 shi3 zhong zuei4 zao de ta xian4 shi4 jiang4 　他屈服於無理的要求讓我們很震驚 His cave-in to such unreasonable demands shocked us. (= submission to sg or sy previously resisted) Ta qü fu2 yü2 wu2 li3 de yao qiou2 rang4 wuo3 men2 hen3 zhen4 jing 　　　　 July 30, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 British English: To whitewash (vt, vi): 刷白 Literally, to cover with a white liquid composition To whitewash (vt): 掩飾/粉飾 (常說成: 漂白) Figuratively, to conceal sg bad/to make sg look better than it really is/to gloss over/to cover up To whitewash (vt): 設法脫罪 to exonerate or clear sy of charges by means of superficial or perfunctory investigation or artful presentation of data/to absolve a wrongdoer from blame by giving a speciously fair appearance whitewash (n) 　 Sentence pattern: to whitewash (vt) sy or sg sg whitewashes (vi) easily. to give sy/sg a whitewash 　 Example: 　現在切勿嘗試粉飾此事把它公開吧 Now, don’t try to whitewash this incident, open up about it. xiang4 zai4 qie4 wu4 chang2 shi4 fen3 shi4 ci3 shi4 ba3 ta gong kai ba 　他們嘗試掩飾醜聞但沒有用 They tried to give the scandal the old whitewash, but it didn’t work. (= an act or campaign of covering up sg b ad) ta men2 chang2 shi4 yan3 shi4 chou3 wen2 dan4 mei2 you3 yong4 　拒絕掩飾醜聞 Refused to whitewash the scandal (= to gloss lover/to cover up) jü4 jue2 yan3 shi4 chou3 wen2 　拒絕為州長長期忽視真相脫罪 Refused to whitewash the governor’s chronic disregard for the truth jü4 jue2 wei4 zhou zhang3 chang2 qi2 hu shi4 zhen xiang4 tuo zuei4 　此書嘗試粉飾該國的過去 A book that tries to whitewash the country’s past ci3 shu chang2 shi4 fen3 shi4 gai guo2 de guo4 qü4 　 Literal meaning: 此牆壁很容易刷白 This wall whitewashes (vi) very easily. ci3 qiang2 bi4 hen3 rong2 yi4 shua bai2 　 Sports: 他們面臨即將到來的 5 全敗 They face the prospect of a whitewash in the five-test series. (= a defeat in every sporting contest or game in a series) ta men2 mian4 lin2 ji2 jiang dao4 lai2 de 5 quan2 bai4 　　　　 July 29, 2013 (Monday) 　 To gloss over (vt) 1. 粉飾或掩飾 (vt)(錯誤, 問題等); 2. 刻意敷衍了事 (vt) 　 To gloss over (vt): 掩飾 to veil or hide (sg that would otherwise be objected to or prove a source of difficulty) by plausible pretext, pretense, subterfuge, or excuse/to hide under a deceptively attractive appearance or surface/to cover up the faults or errors of using deceptive words or actions/to absolve a wrongdoer from blame 　 To gloss over (vt): 粉飾 to give a specious interpretation of sg (specious = pleasing to the eye but deceptive/to give a deceptively attractive appearance to/to hide under a deceptively attractive appearance or surface 　 To gloss over (vt): 刻意敷衍了事 to deal with unpleasant facts rapidly and cursorily (in a hasty and superficial manner) or to omit them altogether from an account of sg 　 Sentence pattern: to gloss over a problem, vice, crime, fault, error, wrongdoing, etc. 　 Example: 他努力粉飾問題 He endeavored to gloss the matter over. (= to make appear right or acceptable/to whitewash) Ta nu3 li4 fen3 shi4 wen4 ti2 　無人企圖掩飾那不名譽的行為 No attempt is made to gloss over discreditable behavior Wu2 ren2 qi4 tu2 yan3 shi4 na4 bu4 ming2 yü4 de xing2 wei2 　沒有想過要掩飾我們所知零碎的現狀 Not wish to gloss over the fragmentary state of our present knowledge Mei2 you3 xiang3 guo4 yao4 yan3 shi4 wuo3 men2 suo3 zhi ling2 suei4 de xian4 zhuang4 　使用概括性語言來掩飾 (詳細)數據之不足 A tendency to gloss over inadequacies in the data with generalizations Shi3 yong4 gai4 kuo4 xing4 yü3 yan2 lai2 yan3 shi4 (xiang2 xi4) shu4 jü4 zhi bu4 zu2 　刻意粉飾學界之紛爭而不讓他們面對面對峙 Glosses over scholarly controversies rather than confronting them head-on (= to deal with a subject or problem too lightly o5r not at all) Ke4 yi4 fen3 shi4 xue2 jie4 zhi fen zheng er2 bu4 rang4 ta men2 mian4 duei4n mian4 duei4 zhi4 　沒有用大量酒精止痛之各處都有傷痛 The misery was general, where not glossed over by liberal application of alcohol Mei2you3 yong4 ta4 liang4 jiou3 jing zhi3 tong4 zhi ge4 chu4 dou you3 shang tong4 　使用適當的方法掩飾問題的嚴重 to gloss over a serious problem with a pat solution shi3 yong4 shi4 dan4 de fang fa3 yan3 shi4 wen4 ti2 de yan2 zhong4 　他的履歷表掩飾他經驗不足 His resume glossed over his lack of experience (= to make attractive or acceptable by deception or superficial treatment) Ta de lü3 li4 biao3 yan3 shi4 ta jing yan4 bu4 zu2 　她強調(2件事)沒有差異來掩飾錯誤 she tried to gloss over the mistake by insisting it would make no difference ta qiang2 diao4 (er4 jiang4 shi4) mei2you3 cha yi4 lai2 yan3 shi4 cuo4 wu4 　習近平願見安倍但日本應停止使用所謂 ‘對談’ 的空洞口號來刻意敷衍雙方歧見 Xi would meet Abe but Japan should stop using empty slogans about so-called dialogue to gloss over disagreements Xi2 jin4 ping2 yuan4 jiang4 an bei4 dan4 ri4 ben3 ying4 ting2 zhi3 shi3 yong4 suo3 wei4 duei4 tan2 de kong dong4 kou3 hao4 lai2 ke4 yi4 fu yan4 shuang fan qi2 jiang4 　　　　 July 27, 2013 (Saturday) 　 To freak out (vt, vi)(Informal) (指失常的激烈情緒反應)大驚/大怒/樂翻/發狂 (vt, vi) (Zhi3 shi chang2 de ji lie4 qing2 xü4 fan3 ing4) ta4 jing/ta4 nu4/le4 fan/zhua kuang2 　 To freak out (vt, vi)(Informal): to be or cause to be in a heightened emotional state, such as that of fear, anger, joy, or excitement. 　 To freak out (vt)(Slang): to shock or disorient sy/to cause to lose emotional control and behave irrationally from extreme excitement, fear, joy, or despair/to make greatly astonished, discomposed, or distressed. 　 To freak out (vi)(Slang): to panic/to lose emotional control and one’s composure from extreme excitement, etc./to enter into hallucinations or frightening feelings after taking a psychogenic (mind-altering) drug 　　 Sentence pattern: Sg that freaks (vt) sy out to freak (vi) out doing sg to freak out on a drug 　 Example: 他的所見嚇壞了他每次回想起來他還會發抖 (大驚) What he saw freaked him out so much that he still gets shaken when he remembers it. (= to make greatly astonished, distressed, or discomposed) Ta de suo3 jiang4 xia4 huai4 le ta mei3 ci4 huei2 xiang3 qi3 lai2 ta hai2 huei4 fa dou3 　他看到屍體時嚇壞了 Seeing the dead body freaked him out. Ta kang4 dao4 shi ti3 shi2 xia4 huai4 le 　不要談死亡它會嚇死我 Don’t talk about death, as it totally freaks me out. Bu4 yao4 tan2 si3 wang2 ta hue4 xia4 si3 wuo3 　那個意外事件千鈞一髮真把我嚇壞了 It was such a close accident that it really freaked me out. Na4 ge yi4 wai4 shi4 jian4 qian jun yi fa3 zhen ba3 wuo3 xia4 huai4 le 　我被嚇得神智不清 I was so frightened, I thought I would freak (out) (= to panic/to lose control) Wuo3 bei4 xia4 de2 shen2 zhi4 bu4 qing 　我丟了眼鏡或爽約時我會火大 (大怒) If I lose my glasses or miss my appointment, I freak out. (= lose one’s composure/to react with irrational excitement) Wuo3 diu le yan3 jing4 huo4 shuang3 yue shi2 wuo3 hue4 huo3 ta4 　他親眼看到了電影裡的男主角時樂翻了 She freaked out seeing the movie hero. Ta qing yan3 kan4 dao4 le dian4 ying3 li3 de nan2 zhu2 jiao3 shi2 le4 fan le 　樂隊演奏狂野聽眾神魂顛倒 The band’s wild playing made the audience freak out. (= to cause to behave irrationally and uncontrollably with excitement, fear, or madness) yue4 duei4 yang3 zhou4 kuang2 ye3 ting zhong4 shen2 hun2 diang dao3 　他們吸食迷幻藥而發狂 They were freaking out on LSD. 發狂 (a)(進入迷幻世界 withdrawn from reality) She freaked out and ended up in a psychiatric ward. Ta men2 xi shi2 mi2 huan4 yao4 er2 fa kuang2 　 Freakout (n): a psychogenic drug reaction 　　　　 July 21, 2013 (Sunday) 　 To cry foul (-ou-)(vt) (Informal) (對不公平之事)公開強烈抗議 (直譯: 喊犯規) (新聞用語) 　 To cry foul (-ou-)(vt) (informal): to protest strongly about a wrong or injustice/to say publicly that something that has happened is dishonest, unfair, unjust or illegal, especially when it affects you directly) (Foul in this context means foul play, a violation of the rules) 　 Sentence pattern: to cry foul over sg to cry foul when/as ---. 　 Example: 　中國增加補貼出口貨物澳大利亞公開喊犯規 (公開強烈抗議) Australia has cried foul over China’s decision to increase the export subsidies. Zhong guo2 zeng jia bu3 tie chu kou3 huo4 wu4 ao4 ta4 li4 ya4 gong kai han3 fan4 guei (gong kai qiang2 lie4 kang4 yi4 　 Apple 公司新的廣告條件 A公司CEO公開強烈抗議 AdMob’s CEO cries foul over Apple’s new Advertising Terms. (= to complain that somebody else has done sg wrong or unfair) Apple gong six in de guang3 gao4 tiao2 jian4 A gong si CEO gong kai han3 fan4 guei (gong kai qiang2 lie4 kang4 yi4 　 Va 縣將大蕭條時期的土地歷史紀錄丟棄歷史學者公開強烈抗議 Historians cry foul when Va. County tosses Depression-era land records. Va xian4 jiang ta4 xiao tiao2 shi2 qi2 de tu3 di4 li4 shi3 ji4 lu4 diu qi4 li4 shi3 xue2 she3 gong kai han3 fan4 guei (gong kai qiang2 lie4 kang4 yi4 　 Obama 金主們執掌大使館最高職位美國外交官們公開強烈抗議 U.S. diplomats cry foul as Obama donors take over top embassy jobs. Obama jing zhu3 men2 zhi2 zhang3 ta4 shi2 guang3 zuei4 gao zhi2 wei4 mei3 guo2 wai4 jiao guan men2 gong kai han3 fan4 guei (gong kai qiang2 lie4 kang4 yi4 神農子注: 當選總統後給金主們高官職位稱為政治酬庸, 英文是 political patronage, 是人類政治腐敗行為 (corruption) 之一種!!! 　　　 July 20, 2013 (Saturday) 　 toll (-oh-)(n): the cost in loss or suffering at which sg is achieved/damage done (literally a tax, duty, fee or tribute levied, figuratively other costs exacted) (完成一件事所付出的)損失或傷害 to take its/a toll (一件事)造成傷害: be damaging or harmful/cause loss or destruction or damage) (literally the taking of a tax or tribute, figuratively the exacting of other costs) 　 sentence pattern: to take its toll on/of sy or sg to take a toll on/of sy or sg 　 to exact a toll/price/cost on sy or sg 　 Example: 離婚傷害子女 Divorce takes its toll on the children involved. Li2 hun shang hai4 zi2 nü3 　美國南北戰爭傷害了雙方(即雙方都受害) The civil war has taken its toll on both sides. Mei3 guo2 nan2 bei3 zhan4 zheng shang hai4 le shang fan (ji4 shuang fan dou shou4 hai4) 　陸上卡車擁擠已損害高速公路 The heavy truck traffic has taken its toll on the highways. Lu4 shang4 ka3 che yong ji3 yi3 sun3 hai4 gao su4 gong lu4 　戰爭傷害居民 The war took its toll of the inhabitants. Zhan4 zheng shang hai4 jü min2 　國防耗費龐大資金和人力 National defense takes an enormous toll of money and manpower. Guo2 fang2 hao4 fei4 pang2 ta4 zi jin han4 ren2 li4 　通貨膨脹已造成傷害 Inflation has taken its toll. Tong huo4 pong2 zhang4 yi3 zao4 cheng2 shang hai4 　洪水已造成嚴重損失 The flood took a heavy toll. Hong2 shuei3 yi3 zao4 cheng2 yan2 zhong4 sun3 shi 　藥品濫用傷害健康頗大 Drug abuse takes quite a toll on the lives of people. Yao4 pin3 lan4 yong4 shang hai4 jian4 kang po3 ta4 　幾年日光浴後她皮膚已損傷 Years of sunbathing took a toll on her skin. Ji3 nian2 ri4 guang yü4 hou4 ta pi2 fu yi3 sun3 shang 　他低估精神病對家庭所造成的傷害 He underestimates the toll mental illness takes on a family Ta di gu jing sheng2 bing4 duei4 jia ting2 suo3 zao4 cheng2 de shang hai4 　夏日溫度飆升可對許多種園子裡的植物造成傷害 Soaring summer temperatures can take a toll on many garden plants. Xia4 ri4 wen du4 biao sheng ke3 duei4 xü3 duo zhong3 yuan2 zi li3 de zhi2 wu4 zhao4 Cheng2 shang hai4 　時間似乎對參加比賽的最佳運動員們造成傷害更大 And time seemingly takes its toll on the game’s best players more dramatically. Shi2 jiang si4 hu duei4 can jia bi3 sai4 de zuei4 jia yun4 dong4 yuan2 men3 zao4 cheng2 shang hai4 　大學主管們頻繁換人可造成幾種傷害 High turnover of chief academic officers takes its toll in several ways. Ta4 xue2 zhu2 guan3 men2 pin2 fan2 huan4 ren2 ke3 zao4 cheng2 ji3 zhong3 shang hai4 　無限制的肉類消費已經傷害了環境和社會 The unbridled consumption of meat has exacted the environmental and societal toll. (= has exacted its toll on the environment and society) wu2 xiang4 zhi4 de rou4 lei4 xiao fei4 yi3 jing shang hai4 le huang2 jing4 han4 she4 huei4 　遠離家鄉通常情緒嚴重受創 Expatriation usually exacts a large emotional toll.(= exacts a large toll on emotion). Yuan3 li2 jia xiang tong chang2 qing2 xü4 yan2 zhong4 shou4 chuang4 　中國的(過量)投資已經造成鋼鐵工業的損失: 鋼鐵生產過剩已經毒害了國內外市場 China’s investment has taken a toll on the steel industry, where oversupply has poisoned domestic and worldwide markets. Zhong guo2 de (guo4 liang4) tou2 zi yi3 jing zao4 cheng2 gang tie3 gong ye4 de sun3 shi: gang tie3 sheng chan3 guo4 sheng4 yi3 jing du2 hai4 le guo2 nei4 wai4 shi4 chang3 　暴風雨奪命數千人但防颱工作比以前好減少了損失 The storm killed thousands, but better preparedness kept the toll down. Bao4 feng yü duo3 ming4 shu4 qian ren2 dan4 fang2 tai2 gong zuo4 bi3 yi3 qian2 hao3 jian2 shao3 le sun3 shi 　颱風造成的死亡損失 The death toll from the hurricane (= cost in life or health) Tai2 feng zao4 cheng2 de si3 wang2 sun3 shi 　　　　 July 17, 2013 (Wednesday) 　 to stave off (vt) 擋開/避開某人; 預防某事發生 dang3 kai/bi4 kai mou3 ren2; yü4 fang3 mou3 shi4 fa sheng 　 to stave (steyv) off (vt): literally to beat sg off with a stave, metaphorically to keep or hold away/to repel to stave off sy 擋開某人; 避開某人; to fend off/to ward off/to keep away/keep off sy by force or evasion to stave off sg 預防某事發生: to forestall or prevent sg adverse esp at the last moment or in extremity/to avert/to deflect/to hold off sg undesirable especially temporarily Sentence pattern: to stave off sy to stave off sg 　 Example: 設法躲避債權人 to try to stave off creditors she4 fa3 duo3 bi4 zhai4 quan2 ren2 　她身邊跟著一群人用來擋掉追求者 She keeps a lot of people around her in order to stave off her lovers. Ta shen bian gen zhe yi qun2 ren2 yong4 lai2 dang3 diao4 zhuei qiu2 zhe3 　有新方法預防心臟病突發 New ways to stave off heart attacks You3 xin fang fa3 yü4 fang3 xin zang4 bing4 tu2 fa 　經常運動有助於預防心臟病 Regular exercise will help stave off heart disease. Jing chang2 yun4 dong4 you3 zhu4 yü2 yü4 fang3 xin zang4 bing4 　泥水深及腰部他們嚼可可葉預防疲勞和飢餓 Standing waist-deep in muddy water, they chew coca leaves to stave off exhaustion and hunger. Ni2 shuei3 shen ji2 yiao bu4 ta men2 jue2 ke2 ke2 yie4 yü4 fang3 pi2 lao2 han4 ji e4 　海邊露天野餐需要夾克禦寒 Dining alfresco on the coast calls for jackets to stave off the chilly air. Hai3 bian lu4 tian yie3 can xü yiao4 jia ke4 yü4 han2 　有些經濟政策有助於預防經濟下滑 Some economic policy that helps to stave off a sharper downturn You3 xie jing ji4 zheng4 ce4 you3 zhu4 yü2 yü4 fang3 jing ji4 xia4 hua2 　美國聯儲會決心預防通貨膨脹 The Federal Reserve Board is determined to stave off inflation. Mei3 guo2 lian2 chu3 huei4 jue2 xin yü4 fang3 tong huo4 pong2 zhang4 　最後一種信用可預防抵押房屋被債權人沒收 The last form of credit that staved off foreclosure Zuei4 hou4 yi zhong3 xin4 yong4 ke3 yü4 fang3 di3 ya fang2 wu bei4 zhai4 quan2 ren2 mo4 shou 　　　 July 13, 2013 (Saturday) 　 to conflate (vt) 2 things: 混為一談 (= 未加以區分) (vt) Hun4 wei2 yi tan2 (= wei4 jia yi3 qü fen) 　 to conflate (-fleyt)(vt) (I): to fail to differentiate a thing from something similar or related/to confuse (with)/to mistake (for)/to interpret (as) Sentence pattern: to conflate A and B/to conflate A, B, and C to conflate A with B 　 Example: 勿將熱傳導和熱容量混為一談(即未加以區分) Let’s not conflate thermal conductivity and heat capacity. Wu4 jiang re4 chuan2 dao3 han4 re4 rong2 liang4 hun4 wei2 yi tan2 　這些保險計畫將個人存款和退休存款混為一談(即未加以區分) These plans conflate personal saving and pension saving. (zhe4 xie bao3 xian3 ji4 hua4 jian ge4 ren2 cun2 kuan2 han tuei4 xiu cun2 kuan2 hun4 wei2 yi tan2) 　將天擇和突變誤認為是同一個過程 to conflate selection and mutation as one process (= to confuse selection with mutation as one process/to take selection for mutation as one process/to interpret selection and mutation as one process) jiang tian ze2 han4 tu2 bian4 wu4 ren4 wei4 shi4 tong2 yi ge guo4 cheng2 　這些故事將行為和個性特質混為一談 The stories conflate behaviors and traits. Zhe4 xie gu4 shi4 jiang xing2 wei2 han4 ge4 xing4 te4 zhi2 hun4 wei4 yi tan2 　大家將這二個概念誤認為是同一個概念 People conflate these two as if they are identical concepts. Da4 jia jiang zhe4 er4 ge gai4 nian4 wu4 ren4 wei4 shi4 tong2 yi ge gai4 nian4 　當心勿將八卦和真實消息混為一談 Be careful not to conflate gossip with real news/be careful not to confuse gossip with real news (= not to interpret gossip as real news/not to take gossip for real news/not to mistake gossip for real news) dang xin wu4 jian ba gua4 han4 zhen shi2 xiao xi2 hun4 wei2 yi tan2 　勿將電影事業和舞台戲劇事業混為一談 Don’t conflate the movie business with theater business. Wu4 jiang dian4 ing3 shi4 ye4 han4 wu3 tai2 xi4 jü4 shi4 ye4 hun4 wei4 yi tan2 　勿將我們國家自身利益和個人正直的價值判斷混為一談 Let’s not conflate our national self-interest with self-righteous moral judgment. Wu4 jiang wlo3 men2 guo2 jia ze4 shen li4 yi4 han4 ge4 ren2 zheng4 zhi2 de jia4 zhi2 pan4 duan4 hun4 wei4 yi tan2 　中國將網路間諜和利用電腦竊取貿易機密混為一談 (即未加以區分) China tends to conflate cyber espionage with cyber-enabled trade secret theft Zhong guo2 jian wang3 lu4 jian4 die2 han4 li4 yong4 dian4 nao3 qie4 qü3 mao4 yi4 ji mi4 hun4 wei2 yi tan2 　有些官員仍將誘拐, 販賣人口, 和走私等刑事罪混為一談 Some officials continue to conflate the crimes of kidnapping, human trafficking, and smuggling. You3 xie guan yuan2 reng2 jiang you4 guai3, fan4 mai4 ren2 kou3, han4 zou3 si deng3 xing2 shi4 zuei4 hun4 wei2 yi tan2 　　　　 June 21, 2013 (Friday) 　 Summary: 　 To pelt (vt, vi) (I – IV): (I) to throw at; (II) to hit, strike, beat, dash against, (IIa) to drive; (III) to assail; or (IV) to move. 　 Each of its 4 meanings (4 actions) has 3 qualities in common: the action is rapid快, in succession 連續, and forceful or vigorous 猛(用力). 　 To pelt means to engage in a rapid succession of forceful or vigorous action of throwing, hitting, assailing or moving. 　 4種動作共同特色都是快/連續/猛(用力) Si4 zhong3 dong4 zuo4 gong4 tong2 te4 se4 dou shi4 kuai4/lian2 xü4/mong3 (yong4 li4) 　 You wouldn’t use this verb for an action that is not rapid, in succession, AND vigorous! 　　　　 June 20, 2013 (Thursday) 　 To pelt (vi) (IV): 快速用力移動 Kuai4 su4 yong4 li4 yi2 dong4 　 To pelt (vi): to move rapidly and vigorously /to hurry To pelt to a place 　 Example: 　想像整個人群往電話機區猛衝 Imagine the whole crowd pelting to the telephones. (= to hurry) Xiang3 xiang4 zheng3 ge ren2 qun2 wang3 diang4 hua4 ji qü meng3 chong 　低著上身騎馬這匹母馬能跑多快我就有多快 Riding low and as hard as the mare could pelt (mare, mair = a female horse) Di zhe shang4 shen qi2 ma3 zhe4 pi mu3 ma3 neng2 pao3 duo kuai4 wuo3 jiou4 you3 duo kuai4 　全速用力跑 To run at full pelt (= at full speed) Quan2 su4 yong4 li4 pao3 　　　　 June 19, 2013 (Wednesday) To pelt (vt, vi) (III): 連續(以語言或文字)猛烈攻擊(別人) Lian2 xü4 (yi3 yü3 yian2 huo4 wen2 zhi4) mong3 lie4 gong ji2 (bie2 ren2) 　 To pelt (vt): to assail repeatedly and forcefully with words To pelt sy with questions, words, etc. 　 Example: 　音樂家們感到敬畏一再質問他許多天堂裡生活的問題 The awestruck musicians pelt him with questions about life in heaven. Yin yue4 jia men2 gan3 dao4 jing4 wuei4 yi zhi2 zhi2 wen4 ta xü3 duo tian tang2 li3 sheng huo2 de wen4 ti2 　他從馬鞍上滑落下來時觀眾一再轟他許多問題 The crowd pelted him with questions while he slid from his saddle. Ta cong2 ma3 an shang4 hua2 .luo4 xia4 lai2 shi2 zhi2 wen4 ta xü3 duo wen4 ti2 　群眾一再嘲笑他詆毀他 The crowd pelted him with ridicule and vilification Qun2 zhong4 yi zhi2 chao2 xiao4 ta di3 huei3 ta 　用話語一直猛烈攻擊他 To pelt him with words Yong4 hua4 yü3 yi zhi2 gong ji2 ta 　　　　 June 18, 2013 (Tuesday) 　 To pelt (vt) (IIa): 連續用力打著趕牛etc. Lian2 xü4 yong4 li4 da3 zhe gan3 niu2 etc. 　 To pelt (vt): to drive (animals) by means of a succession of blows or missiles 　 Sentence pattern: To pelt cows, sheep, goats etc. 　 Example: 小孩連續用力打著牛從田野將牛趕回家 The child pelted the cows home from the fields. Xiao3 hai2 lian2 xü4 yong4 li4 da3 zhe niu2 cong2 tian2 ye3 jian niu2 gan3 huei2 jia 　從白天到太陽下山小孩們連續用力打趕著綿羊和山羊 Lads pelting through the gloaming their sheep and goats (to gloam, glohm = to become dark/to grow toward dark) Cong2 bai2 tian dao4 tai4 yang2 xia4 shan xiao3 hai2 men3 lian2 xü4 yong4 li4 da3 gan3 zhe mian2 yang2 han4 shan yang2 　　　　 June 17, 2013 (Monday) 　 To pelt (vt, vi) (II): (雨等)用力連續擊打著 (窗等) (Yü3 deng3) yong4 li4 lian2 xü4 ji2 da3 zhe (chuang deng3) 　 To pelt (vt, vi): (2) to beat or rush against or dash against with repeated forceful blows or with a succession of vigorous impacts/to beat incessantly 　 Sentence pattern: (of rain, etc.) to pelt sg/to pelt against sg 　 Example: 冰雹連續撞擊屋牆 Hailstones pelted the sides of the houses Bing bao2 lian2 xü4 zhuang4 ji2 wu qiang2 　四天來風雨連續敲打著屋頂和牆壁 The wind and rain pelted the roofs and walls of the houses for 4 days. Si4 tian lai2 feng yü3 lian2 xü4 qiao da3 zhe wu ding3 han4 qiang2 bi4 　傾盆大雨 It’s pelting down. (to pelt down = to rain heavily)(vi) Qing3 pen2 da4 yü3 　傾聽雨滴連續敲打著錫包住的屋頂作響 Listening to the rain pelt and rattle on the tin roof Qing3 ting yü3 di lian2 xü4 qiao da3 zhe xi2 bao zhu4 de wu ding3 zuo4 xiang3 　風雨雪連續敲打著堡壘的牆 The wind, rain, and snow pelted against the castle walls. Feng yü3 xue3 lian2 xü4 qiao da3 zhe bao2 lei3 de qiang2 　　　　 June 16, 2013 (Sunday) To pelt (vt, vi) (I): (向人/物)連續丟擲(石頭 etc.) (xiang4 ren2/wu4) lian2 xü4 diu zhi2 (shi2 tou2 etc.) 　 To pelt (vt, vi): (1) to throw stones, rocks, eggs, etc. quickly and repeatedly at sy or sg/to throw a succession of blows or missiles (stones, bullets, or arrows) 　 Sentence pattern: To pelt sy or sg with sg To pelt at sy's head 　 Example: 一伙男生向一伙女生連續丟擲綠蘋果 Boys pelted the girls with green apples. Yi4 huo3 nan2 sheng xiang4 yi huo3 nü sheng lian2 xü4 diu zhi2 lü ping2 guo3 　聽眾向演講人連續丟擲雞蛋 The audience pelted the speaker with eggs. Ting zhong4 xiang4 yian2 jiang3 ren2 lian2 xü4 diu zhi2 ji dan4 　口出惡言的學生向警車連續丟擲石塊 Taunting students pelt police vehicles with rocks. Kou3 chü e4 yian2 de xue2 sheng xiang4 jing3 che lian2 xü4 diu zhi2 shi2 kuai4 　我們看到暴民(鬧事人群) 向警察連續丟擲磚塊和瓶子 We saw rioters pelting police with bricks and bottles. Wuo3 men2 kan4 tao4 bao4 min2 (nao4 shi4 ren2 qun2) xiang4 jing3 cha2 lian2 xü4 diu zhi2 zhuan kuai4 han4 ping2 zi 　一伙學生連續互丟雪球 The students pelted one another with snowballs. Yi4 huo3 xue2 sheng lian2 xü4 hu4 diu xue3 qiu2 　他們口袋裡裝滿了小石子向對方的頭連續猛丟 They filled their pockets full of pebblestones and pelted (vi) so fast at each other’s pate. (Shakespeare) Ta men2 kou3 dai4 li3 zhuang man3 le xiao3 shi2 zi xiang4 duei fang de tou2 lian2 xü4 diu zhi2 　 Note: 只丟擲一或二次 zhi3 diu zhi2 yi huo4 er4 ci4 Someone in the audience threw a shoe (shoes) at the speaker (George Bush). 　 \ 　　　 June 14, 2013 (Friday) 　 To jostle (vt, vi): 人擠人/物擠物 (v) Ren2 ji3 ren2/wu4 ji3 wu4 　 To jostle (vt, vi): (1) to bump (or bump against), to push, to shove (or shove against) , to rush against, to elbow rudely 人擠人/物擠物, (2) to force one's way by pushing or shoving, or elbowing 擠著走 ji3 zhe zou3, (3) to come into contact or in proximity with sy or sg , 擠 ji3, (4) to compete or contend 爭取 zheng qü3 　 Sentence pattern: Vt: To jostle each other (or one another, or the others) for sg/doing sg To jostle one's way through the crowd, the mob or the guests to a place Vi: To jostle with (or against) the others for sg to jostle toward the exit/to the front line to jostle for sg to jostle to do sg 　 Example: 我隨著人群擠進地鐵 The crowd jostled me into the subway. Wo3 suei2 zhe ren2 qun2 ji3 jin4 di4 tie3 (Note: ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ, qun2 = ㄑㄩㄣˊ) 　在人群中人擠人想看個清楚 Everyone in the crowd jostled each other (or one another) trying to get a better view. Zai4 ren2 qun2 zhong ren2 ji3 ren2 xiang3 kan4 ge qing chu3 (Note: qing = ㄑ一ㄥ) 　書架上擠滿了書 Books jostle each other on the shelf. (= to come in close proximity with) Shu jia4 shang4 ji3 man3 le shu 　三家人擠在一個小屋裡 Three families jostled each other in a small house. San jia ren2 ji3 zai4 yi ge xiao3 wu li3 　郵差在人行道上推擠著行人走 Messengers jostled pedestrians on the sidewalk You2 chai zai4 ren2 xing2 tao4 shang4 tuei ji3 zhe xing2 ren2 zou3 　擠著走出人群來到酒吧/擠著走出長廊 He jostled (his way) through the crowd to a bar/he jostled his way out of the long hall Ji3 zhe zou3 chu ren2 qun2 lai2 tao4 jiou3 pa/ji3 zhe zou3 chu chang2 lang2 (Note: ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ, qun2 = ㄑㄩㄣˊ) 　幼齒男女推擠著爭睹名人 The teenagers jostled to get a glimpse of the celebrity. You4 chi3 nan2 nu3 tuei ji3 zhe zheng du3 ming2 ren2 　他爭取地位/優勢/大家的注意/空間 He jostled for position/advantage/attentions or spotlights/space Ta zheng qü3 ti4 wei4/you shi4/ta4 jia de zhu4 yi4/kuong jian 　敵對各方爭取優勢 Rivals or opposition parties jostled each other for advantage. (= to contend with) Di2 duei4 ge4 fang zheng qü3 you shi4 (Note: qu3 = ㄑㄩˇ, shi4 = 尸ˋ) 　他在看台人群中推擠著 He jostled against the others on the crowded platform Ta zai4 kan4 tai2 ren2 qün2 zhong tuei ji3 zhe (Note: ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ, qun2 = ㄑㄩㄣˊ) 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 June 12, 2013 (Wednesday) original December 9, 2014 (Tuesday) updated Words meaning 多變 (n) (III) vicissitudes (vi-sis-i-tyood)(pl)(n): Definition 持續起伏 (n) Chi2 xu4 qi3 qi3 fu2 fu2 (Note: chi2 = ㄔˊ, qi3 = ㄑ一ˇ) 　 vicissitudes (pl) (n): 持續起伏 successive alternation from one state to another, as of life, prosperity, wealth, fortune, happiness, etc./ups and downs) vicissitude (n): the state of being in flux/changeable 　 Sentence pattern: the vicissitude(s) of sg 　 Example: 世事起伏多變 the vicissitude of human condition/in human vicissitude Shi4 shi4 qi3 fu2 (Note: shi =, 尸ˋ, qi3 = ㄑ一ˇ) 　歷經40年起伏, 他們友誼仍在! They remained friends through the vicissitudes of 40 years. Li4 jing si4 shi2 nian2 qi3 fu2 ta men2 you3 yi2 reng2 zai4 (Note: yi = 一ˊ, reng2 = ㄖㄥˊ, zai4 = ㄗㄞˋ) 　光陰和時機流逝 30顆樹只剩9顆 the vicissitudes of time and chance have left only 9 of the 30 trees. (= the successive alterations visible in nature or in human affairs) Kuang yin han4 shi2 ji liu2 shi4 30 ke shu4 zhi3 sheng4 9 ke (Note: ke = ㄎㄜ, zhi3 = ㄓˇ) 　面對命運的起伏不定情侶的忠心和耐心依舊 Lovers not only faithful but patient in the face of remarkable vicissitudes. (= a fluctuation in condition of wealth, prosperity, or happiness/a shift of luck or vagary of chance) Mian4 duei4 ming4 yun4 di qi3 fu2 bu4 ding4 qing2 lu3 di zhuong xin han4 nai4 xin yi jiou4 (di = ㄉㄜ˙, qing2 = ㄑ一ㄥˊ, lu3 = ㄌㄩˇ, yi = 一) 　突然盛衰起伏不定 The sudden vicissitudes of greatness and decay (= alternating change) Tu2 ran2 sheng4 shuai qi3 fu2 bu4 ding4 (Note: ran2 = ㄖㄢˊ, qi3 = ㄑ一ˇ) 　人類常承受生活和命運的起伏! Human beings often undergo vicissitudes of life and fortune Ren2 lei4 chang2 cheng2 shou4 sheng huo2 han4 ming4 yun4 di qi3 fu2. (Note: ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ, di = ㄉㄜ˙, qi3 = ㄑ一ˇ) 　諸事多變投降談判又有進展 After every possible vicissitude, the surrender negotiations appear again to be progressing. Zhu shi4 duo bian4 tou2 xiang2 tan2 pan4you4 you3 jin4 zhan3 　 Note: other sense vicissitudes(pl)(n): Definition 低潮/坎坷 (n) Di chao2/kan3 ke (Note: ke = ㄎㄜ) 　 vicissitudes(pl)(n): 低潮/坎坷 difficulty or hardship incident to life, a career or course of action 　 Sentence pattern: the vicissitudes of sg 　 Example: 政治迫害和流亡之坎坷 the vicissitudes of political persecution and exile (= difficulty or hardship incident to life, a career or course of action) zheng4 zhi4 po4 hai4 han4 liu2 wang2 zhi kan3 ke 　生活坎坷諸如飲食差染病酗酒外傷情緒壓力過勞懶惰　　 the vicissitudes of living, such as faulty diets, infections, intoxications, traumata, emotional stresses, overwork, laziness. Sheng huo2 kan3 ke zhu ru2 in3 shi2 cha ran3 bing4 xu4 jiou3 wai4 shang qing2 xu4 ya li4 kuo4 lao2 lan3 duo4 　貧窮坎坷擋了成長 the dwarfing vicissitudes of poverty (to dwarf = to stunt the growth of) Pin2 qiong2 dang3 le cheng2 zhang3 　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 June 10, 2013 (Monday) original December 9, 2014 (Tuesday) updated 　 Words meaning 多變 (a, n) (II) flux (fluhks)(n): Definition 流動; 持續變化; 動盪 (n) Liu2 dong4; chi2 xu4 bian4 hua4; dong4 dang4 (Note: chi2 = ㄔˊ) 　 flux (n): (1) 流動 flow or flowing, (2)持續變化 continuous change, passage, or movement; a continuing succession of changes, (3)動盪 a state of uncertainty and instability following a major event 　 Sentence pattern: a flux of sg (= a continued flow of) 流動 sg in flux/sg in a state of flux/sg is subject to constant flux 持續變化 the flux following an event 動盪　 influx (in-fluhks)(n): flowing in 流入 (n) Liu2 ru4 (Note: ru4 = ㄖㄨˋ) influx of people/influx of sg 　 efflux (ef-luhks)(n): flowing out 流出 (n) Liu2 chu efflux of people/efflux of sg 　 Example: 一直有健全的變化 It is in a healthy state of flux Yi zhi2 you3 jian4 quan2 di bian4 hua4 (Note: zhi2 = ㄓˊ, quan2 = ㄑㄩㄢˊ, di = ㄉㄜ˙) 　凡事變動不停 All things are in flux/all things are constantly in flux/all things are in constant flux/all things are in a constant state of flux/all things are subject to constant flux. . Fan2 shi4 bian4 dong4 bu4 ting2 (Note: shi4 = ㄕˋ) 　時光流逝世事多變 Time passes, thing changes, and the world is in its protean state of flux. Shi2 kuang liu2 shi4 shi4 shi4 duo bian4 (Note: shi2 = ㄕˊ, shi4 = ㄕˋ) (Protean proh-tee-uhn = extremely variable 多變) 　中共在1949年取得中國大陸後社會動盪有數年之久! The flux continued for years following the takeover of China’s mainland in 1949 by CCP (Chinese Communist Party)!. Zhong kong zai4 yi jiu3 si4 jiu3 nian2 qu3 de2 zhong kuo2 da4 lu4 hou4 she4 huei4 dong4 dang4 you3 shu4 nian2 zhi jiu3 　外國人才流入矽谷 a foreign brain influx into Silicon Valley/an influx of foreign brains into Silicon Valley, Wai4 kuo2 ren2 cai2 liu2 ru4 xi4 ku3 (Note: ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ, cai2 = ㄘㄞˊ, ru4 = ㄖㄨˋ) 　宜蘭縣年輕人出外謀生這使過去40年人口沒有增減! There is a constant efflux of young adults for work from Ilan county into neighboring cities, rendering the county population roughly in a steady state over the past 4 decades. Yi2 lan2 xian4 nian2 qing ren2 chu wai4 mou2 sheng zhe4 shi3 kuo4 qu4 si4 shi2 nian2 ren2 kou3 mei2 you3 zeng jian3 (qing = ㄑ一ㄥ, ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ, qu4 = ㄑㄩˋ) 　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 June 6, 2013 (Thursday) original December 9, 2014 (Tuesday) updated 　 Words meaning 多變 (a, n) (I) fickle (fik-uh-l)(a): Definition (心意/興致/人) 多變(善變) (a) (xin yi4/xing4 zhi) duo bian4(shan4 bian4) (Note: zhi = ㄓˋ) 　 fickle (a): (心意/興致/人) 多變(善變) (a) given to ready change due to irresolution, caprice, whim or instability/characterized by changeableness/marked by lack of steadfastness/unpredictable 　 Sentence pattern: Sy is fickle/Sg is fickle fickle sy/sg (prenominal) 　 Example: 情人劈腿 a fickle lover/an inconstant lover (= not constant or loyal in affections) qing2 ren2 pi tuei3 (Note: qing2 = ㄑ一ㄥˊ, ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ) 　這些人易被誤導也無定見 These people are easily misled and fickle in their views (= not firm) Zhe4 xie ren2 bei4 wu4 dao3 ye3 wu2 ding4 jian4 (Note: zhe4 = ㄓㄜˋ, ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ) 　民意如流水變化大也不合理 Public opinion is fickle and subject to dramatic and irrational shifts. Min2 yi4 ru2 liu2 shuei3 bian4 hua4 da4 ye3 bu4 he2 li3 (Note: ru = ㄖㄨˊ, he 2= ㄏㄜˊ) 　人心多變 a fickle public ren2 xin duo bian4 (Note: ren2 = ㄖㄣˊ) 　輿論多變 fickle public opinion yu2 lun4 duo bian4 (Note: yu2 = ㄩˊ) 　　　　神農子教室: 神農子英語 June 4, 2013 (Tuesday) Original December 8, 2014 (Monday) Updated 　 to tantalize (tan-tl-ahyz)(vt): Definition (看得到得不到) 吊足胃口 (Kan4 de2 dao4 de2 bu4 dao4) diao4 zu2 wei4 kou3 　 to tantalize (vt): (看得到得不到) 吊足胃口 has 4 components in definition or meaning: (1) the sight of sg, (2) sg that you desire, (3) but it is out of your reach or inaccessible to you, (4) you feel frustrated or it torments you as a result. 　 Sentence pattern: Sg tantalizes sy. 　 Example: 幼齒美腿穿著熱褲幼齒帥哥看了吊足胃口 The young lass’ legs in hot pants tantalize young lads especially! you4 chi3 mei2 tuei3 chuan zhe re4 ku4 you4 chi3 shuai4 ge kan4 le diao4 zu2 wei4 kou3 ㄧㄡˋ ㄔˇ ㄇㄟˊ ㄊㄨㄟˇ ㄔㄨㄢㄓㄜ˙ ㄖㄜˋ ㄎㄨˋ 一ㄡˋ ㄔˇ ㄕㄨㄞˋ ㄍㄜㄎㄢˋ ㄌㄜ˙ ㄉ一ㄠˋ ㄗㄨˊ ㄨㄟˋ ㄎㄡˇ 　這些作家只交作品精采大要吊足出版商胃口 These writers tantalize their publishers by submitting synopses that sparkle. zhe4 xie zuo4 jia zhi3 jiao zuo4 pin3 jing cai3 da4 yao4 diao4 zu2 chu ban3 shang wei4 kou3 ㄓㄜˋ ㄒ一ㄝㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄐ一ㄚㄓˇ ㄐ一ㄠㄐ一ㄥㄘㄞˇ ㄗㄨㄛˋ ㄆ一ㄣˇ ㄉㄚˋ 一ㄠˋ ㄉ一ㄠˋ ㄗㄨˊ ㄔㄨㄅㄢˇ ㄕㄤㄨㄟˋ ㄎㄡˇ 　這些美好食譜吊足我胃口 These wonderful recipes tantalize my taste buds. zhe4 xie mei3 hao3 shi2 pu3 diao4 zu2 wo3 wei4 kou3 ㄓㄜˋ ㄒ一ㄝㄇㄟˇ ㄏㄠˇ ㄕˊ ㄆㄨˇ ㄉ一ㄠˋ ㄗㄨˊ ㄨㄛˇ ㄨㄟˋ ㄎㄡˇ 　這幾章會吊足我的創造力 These chapters will tantalize my creativity. zhe4 ji3 zhang huei4 diao4 zu2 wo3 de chuang4 zao4 li4 ㄓㄜˋ ㄐ一ˇ ㄓㄤㄏㄨㄟˋ ㄉ一ㄠˋ ㄗㄨˊ ㄨㄛˇ ㄉㄜ˙ ㄔㄨㄤˋ ㄗㄠˋ ㄌ一ˋ